From c5f308204dee4222f3ea1ba5ecf3d1f26a0923af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vesa Oikonen <vesoik@utu.fi>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2017 19:46:50 +0300
Subject: [PATCH] fixed typos
---
content/administration.html | 4 +--
content/administration_extravasation.html | 2 +-
content/administration_intraperitoneal.html | 8 +++---
content/analysis_11c-acetate.html | 6 ++---
content/analysis_11c-carfentanil.html | 4 +--
content/analysis_11c-choline.html | 2 +-
content/analysis_11c-co2.html | 8 +++---
content/analysis_11c-lactate.html | 8 +++---
content/analysis_11c-metformin.html | 2 +-
content/analysis_11c-mp4a.html | 7 ++---
content/analysis_11c-mp4b.html | 2 +-
content/analysis_11c-mpdx.html | 2 +-
content/analysis_11c-mto.html | 2 +-
content/analysis_11c-palmitate.html | 14 +++++-----
content/analysis_11c-pe2i.html | 2 +-
content/analysis_11c-pib.html | 2 +-
content/analysis_11c-pk11195.html | 4 +--
content/analysis_11c-raclopride.html | 8 +++---
content/analysis_11c-tmsx.html | 4 +--
content/analysis_11c-way100635.html | 6 +++--
content/analysis_13n-nh3.html | 2 +-
content/analysis_15o-co.html | 4 +--
content/analysis_15o-co2.html | 2 +-
content/analysis_18f-altanserin.html | 2 +-
content/analysis_18f-deuteroaltanserin.html | 2 +-
content/analysis_18f-exendin-4.html | 4 +--
content/analysis_18f-fdg.html | 4 +--
content/analysis_18f-fdopa.html | 4 +--
content/analysis_18f-fluoride.html | 8 +++---
content/analysis_82rb.html | 2 +-
content/analysis_batch.html | 10 +++----
content/analysis_dota-e-crgdfk2.html | 8 +++---
content/analysis_h2o_kidney.html | 10 +++----
content/analysis_h2o_muscle.html | 2 +-
content/analysis_h2o_pancreas.html | 4 +--
content/analysis_o2_brain.html | 4 +--
content/analysis_shell.html | 6 ++---
content/blood_volume.html | 6 ++---
content/compression.html | 4 ++-
content/copper.html | 6 ++---
content/decay.html | 2 +-
content/delaytime.html | 16 +++++------
content/drug_dosage.html | 2 +-
content/extracellular_matrix.html | 2 +-
content/ficks_principle.html | 6 ++---
content/format_abss_bld.html | 2 +-
content/format_hammersmith.html | 6 ++---
content/format_image.html | 2 +-
content/format_image_ecat.html | 5 ++--
content/format_tpc_dft.html | 2 +-
content/image_catenation.html | 2 +-
content/image_clustering.html | 2 +-
content/image_filtering.html | 2 +-
content/image_parametric.html | 2 +-
content/image_presentation.html | 6 ++---
content/image_reconstruction.html | 4 +--
content/immuno-pet.html | 6 ++---
content/input_abss_process.html | 4 +--
content/input_blood-to-plasma.html | 4 +--
content/input_fitting.html | 2 +-
content/input_idi.html | 4 +--
content/input_plasma.html | 2 +-
content/input_rbc.html | 16 +++++------
content/input_sampling.html | 2 +-
content/iodine.html | 2 +-
content/microspheres.html | 2 +-
content/mitochondria.html | 22 +++++++--------
content/model_autoradiography.html | 6 ++---
content/model_cardiac_pvc.html | 2 +-
content/model_compartmental.html | 2 +-
content/model_compartmental_fitting.html | 2 +-
content/model_factor_analysis.html | 2 +-
content/model_function_fitting.html | 2 +-
content/model_heterogeneity.html | 2 +-
content/model_logan_plasma.html | 2 +-
content/model_logan_ref.html | 2 +-
content/model_mmv.html | 2 +-
content/model_radiowater.html | 4 +--
content/model_reference_tissue.html | 4 +--
content/model_suv.html | 10 +++----
content/modelling_intro.html | 10 +++----
content/modelling_literature.html | 4 +--
content/modelling_software.html | 2 +-
content/modelling_tracer_selection.html | 2 +-
content/modelling_validation.html | 2 +-
content/modelling_workable.html | 2 +-
content/mri.html | 2 +-
content/o2_metabolite_correction.html | 4 +--
content/o2_myoglobin.html | 10 +++----
content/optimization_pso.html | 2 +-
content/organ_adrenal_gland.html | 6 ++---
content/organ_bat.html | 6 ++---
content/organ_bone.html | 6 ++---
content/organ_brain.html | 10 +++----
content/organ_heart.html | 8 +++---
content/organ_kidney.html | 4 +--
content/organ_liver.html | 16 +++++------
content/organ_lung.html | 8 +++---
content/organ_muscle.html | 8 +++---
content/organ_spinal_cord.html | 2 +-
content/organ_spleen.html | 8 +++---
content/organ_wat.html | 4 +--
content/pet_countrate.html | 4 +--
content/pet_data.html | 8 +++---
content/pet_units.html | 4 +--
content/pk_2cm.html | 2 +-
content/plasma_protein_binding.html | 2 +-
content/pretargeted_imaging.html | 2 +-
content/ra_quantity.html | 2 +-
content/receptor_binding_potential.html | 2 +-
content/receptor_bmax.html | 2 +-
content/result_regional.html | 2 +-
content/roi_drawing.html | 2 +-
content/simulation_parameters.html | 2 +-
content/sinogram_model.html | 2 +-
content/specific_activity.html | 2 +-
content/sw_install.html | 2 +-
content/sw_pet.html | 2 +-
content/sw_sagemath.html | 2 +-
content/swdev_linux.html | 4 +--
content/target_adenosine.html | 6 ++---
content/target_adrenergic_system.html | 5 ++--
content/target_amyloid-beta.html | 4 +--
content/target_apoptosis.html | 8 +++---
content/target_aquaporins.html | 6 ++---
content/target_cannabinoids.html | 12 +++++----
content/target_cholinergic_system.html | 2 +-
content/target_dopamine.html | 6 ++---
.../target_fatty-acid-binding-protein.html | 10 +++----
.../target_fatty-acid-transport-protein.html | 2 +-
content/target_fatty-acid.html | 6 ++---
content/target_folate.html | 6 ++---
content/target_glp1r.html | 10 +++----
content/target_glutamate.html | 4 +--
content/target_glutamine.html | 2 +-
content/target_inflammation.html | 22 +++++++--------
content/target_integrins.html | 4 +--
content/target_p2-receptors.html | 2 +-
content/target_protein_synthesis.html | 4 +--
content/target_serotonin.html | 4 +--
content/target_somatostatin.html | 4 +--
content/target_system-xc-.html | 2 +-
content/target_tau-protein.html | 2 +-
content/target_transferrin.html | 8 +++---
content/target_transglutaminase2.html | 2 +-
content/vascular_system.html | 27 ++++++++++---------
content/zirconium.html | 4 +--
147 files changed, 359 insertions(+), 351 deletions(-)
diff --git a/content/administration.html b/content/administration.html
index 19a4ac6b..31bd4a57 100644
--- a/content/administration.html
+++ b/content/administration.html
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ tags:
usually administered by intravenous (i.v.) injection. However, in clinical
practice, patients with fragile or poorly accessible veins are not uncommon,
predisposing to paravenous injections
-(<a href="./administration_extravasation.html">extravasationa</a>) or
+(<a href="./administration_extravasation.html">extravasations</a>) or
preventing cannulation. Oral administration of FDG may then be an option.
</p>
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ This often leads to
<a href="./administration_extravasation.html">extravasation</a>,
which may need to be corrected in the data analysis (Lasnon et al., 2015).
Retro-orbital, enteral or
-<a href="./administration_intraperitoneal.html">intraperitoneal</a>
+<a href="./administration_intraperitoneal.html">intra-peritoneal</a>
administration of tracers may also be an option in small animal studies.
</p>
diff --git a/content/administration_extravasation.html b/content/administration_extravasation.html
index a60fcaf3..c081d30e 100644
--- a/content/administration_extravasation.html
+++ b/content/administration_extravasation.html
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Injected dose is used in <a href="./model_suv.html">SUV</a> and
<a href="./input_pk.html#total_clearance">total clearance</a> calculations.
</p>
-<p>In human studies, extravasations are underreported because the injection site
+<p>In human studies, extravasations are under-reported because the injection site
is usually not included in the PET field-of-view. Considering this,
Osman et al (2011) reported that extravasation is encountered in 1/10 of PET
studies, and it caused marked underestimation in FDG SUV.
diff --git a/content/administration_intraperitoneal.html b/content/administration_intraperitoneal.html
index 34bf75fc..529e256d 100644
--- a/content/administration_intraperitoneal.html
+++ b/content/administration_intraperitoneal.html
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ tags:
<p>In rodent studies the <abbr title="Positron Emission Tomography">PET</abbr>
tracer is usually injected manually via tail-vein catheter.
-However, intraperitoneal injection is more convenient and reliable in small
+However, intra-peritoneal injection is more convenient and reliable in small
rodents. Intraperitoneal injection can also be applied in sequential and
multi-tracer studies (Wong et al., 2011), with proved reproducibility in
[<sup>18</sup>F]FDG rat studies (Marsteller et al., 2006).
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ shown to provide comparable biodistribution results (Fueger et al., 2006)
and <a href="./model_suv.html">SUV</a> and <a href="./model_mtga.html#patlak"
>Patlak</a> results (Wong et al., 2011) within 60 min after injection.</p>
-<p>Initial distribution of intraperitoneally injected tracers in animals is
+<p>Initial distribution of intra-peritoneally injected tracers in animals is
slower because the tracer has to diffuse across the peritoneal membrane and
the absorption is via the portal system (Lukas et al., 1971; Wong et al., 2011).
The slower kinetics may require prolonged scan times, and may affect the
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ quickly metabolized in the liver.</p>
<p>Arterial plasma <a href="./input_function.html">input function</a> measurement
is easier and possibly more reliable after peritoneal injection than after
-intravenouse injection because the slower distribution of the tracers
+intravenous injection because the slower distribution of the tracers
requires less frequent <a href="./input_sampling.html">plasma sampling</a>, and
<a href="./input_dispersion.html">dispersion</a> and <a href="./delaytime.html"
>delay</a> correction may not be needed (Wong et al., 2011).
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ On the other hand, <a href="./input_idi.html">image-derived input estimation
methods</a> may not perform as well, because it is more difficult to kinetically
separate input function from tissue concentration curves.
Also <a href="./input_parent_fractions.html">metabolite fractions</a> may be
-higher and more variable after intraperitoneal injection.</p>
+higher and more variable after intra-peritoneal injection.</p>
<br>
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-acetate.html b/content/analysis_11c-acetate.html
index 2a4ff5e0..bd13ddaf 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-acetate.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-acetate.html
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ oxygen metabolism than perfusion.
<p>Iversen et al. (2014) developed a three-tissue compartmental model, in which
parameter <em>k<sub>3</sub></em> represents the oxidation rate of
[<sup>11</sup>C]acetate. Non-linear mixed effects model was used to fit
-all study subjects (inclusing three separate groups) simultaneusly to avoid
+all study subjects (inclusing three separate groups) simultaneously to avoid
overfitting.</p>
<h3>Heart</h3>
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ Slow [<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub> release from resting muscle may
limit the reliability of estimates of oxidative metabolism.</p>
<p>Buchegger et al (2011) have analyzed [1-<sup>11</sup>C]acetate uptake in
-resting and exercising muscle semiquantitatively using
+resting and exercising muscle semi-quantitatively using
<a href="./model_suv.html">SUV</a>.
</p>
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ and estimation of <em>k<sub>mono</sub></em> may be prone to errors.</p>
<p>Schiepers et al. (2008) observed that
<a href="./model_mtga.html">MTGA</a> for irreversible uptake (Patlak plot) and
2-tissue compartment model, with <em>k<sub>4</sub></em> set to zero, can be
-used to study the metabolic activity of prostate tumors.
+used to study the metabolic activity of prostate tumours.
Blood metabolites were corrected using previously estimated metabolite function.
<a href="./model_suv.html">SUV</a> will be sufficient in clinical practice
and <abbr title="intensity-modulated radiation therapy">IMRT</abbr> treatment
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-carfentanil.html b/content/analysis_11c-carfentanil.html
index e250e05d..8e3cf40e 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-carfentanil.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-carfentanil.html
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ due to uptake of label-carrying metabolites.</p>
<p><a href="./model_ref_ratio.html">Tissue ratio method</a> (SUVR) has been
shown to provide binding estimates that are highly correlated with
specific binding estimates obtained using blood-input (Frost et al., 1988;
-Frost et al. 1989; Endres et al., 2003); simulation suggestes that SUVR is also
+Frost et al. 1989; Endres et al., 2003); simulation suggested that SUVR is also
almost independent on changes in blood flow or BBB permeability
(Frost et al., 1988; Frost et al. 1989; Zubieta et al., 1999).
For SPM analysis, "μ-opioid receptor binding" images
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ Logan plots using principal component analysis.
<p>Karjalainen T, Tuominen L, Manninen S, Kalliokoski KK, Nuutila P,
Jääskeläinen IP, Hari R, Sams M, Nummenmaa L. Behavioural activation system
-sensitivity isassociated with cerebral μ-opioid receptor availability.
+sensitivity is associated with cerebral μ-opioid receptor availability.
<em>Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci.</em> 2016; 11(8): 1310-1316.</p>
<p>Karlsson HK, Tuominen L, Tuulari JJ, Hirvonen J, Parkkola R, Helin S,
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-choline.html b/content/analysis_11c-choline.html
index f1ee7e12..b148c288 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-choline.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-choline.html
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ the major metabolite in plasma is [<sup>11</sup>C]betaine
<h2>Tumors</h2>
-<p>Usefulness of [<sup>11</sup>C]choline in the tumor diagnosis has been
+<p>Usefulness of [<sup>11</sup>C]choline in the tumour diagnosis has been
demonstrated (Hara 2002), and quantification by using <a href=
"./model_mtga.html#patlak">Patlak plot (MTGA for irreversibly binding
tracers)</a>, and <a href="./model_suv.html"><em>SUV</em></a> in clinical
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-co2.html b/content/analysis_11c-co2.html
index 2cfc85da..45fbe4bc 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-co2.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-co2.html
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ tags:
- pH
---
-<h1>Modeling of [<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub></h1>
+<h1>Modelling of [<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub></h1>
<p>[<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub> is distributed in blood and tissues; initial
distribution is dependent on perfusion, but it soon redistributes according to
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ the <a href="./organ_liver.html">liver</a> by PET
using intravenously administered [<sup>11</sup>C]NaHCO<sub>3</sub>.
</p>
-<p>Notice that <sup>11</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>O labeled CO<sub>2</sub>
+<p>Notice that <sup>11</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>O labelled CO<sub>2</sub>
are completely different tracers.
</p>
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ demethylation reactions, mainly in the liver, producing
[<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub> either directly (especially from
<code>-N-<sup>11</sup>CH<sub>3</sub></code> compounds),
or
-via hydrophilic labeled metabolites, [<sup>11</sup>C]methanol,
+via hydrophilic labelled metabolites, [<sup>11</sup>C]methanol,
[<sup>11</sup>C]formaldehyde and [<sup>11</sup>C]formate
(from <code>-O-<sup>11</sup>CH<sub>3</sub></code> compounds).
</p>
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ determined from blood plasma need to be corrected.
<p>Fraction of [<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub> of total blood radioactivity is
often different than the fraction in blood plasma, because the parent
-radioligand and nonvolatile labeled metabolites may not not distribute equally
+radioligand and nonvolatile labelled metabolites may not not distribute equally
between plasma and blood cells.
Plasma [<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub> activity is 15±5% higher than
arterial blood activity in steady-state study (Brooks et al., 1984).
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-lactate.html b/content/analysis_11c-lactate.html
index 7f6a2acf..4fef86af 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-lactate.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-lactate.html
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ to pass cell membranes, may be potential targets for diagnostics and drugs.
<h2>Biochemistry of lactate</h2>
<p>Lactate exists in the body as two stereoisomers, L-lactate and D-lactate.
-L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes reactions where L-lactate is formed
+L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyses reactions where L-lactate is formed
from pyruvate while NADH is oxidized to NAD<sup>+</sup>, and vice versa.
Glucose (via glycolysis) and L-alanine are the main sources of pyruvate.
L-lactate can be concerted back to glucose via gluconeogenesis.
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO<sub>2</sub> is
-irreversible reaction, catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex in the
+irreversible reaction, catalysed by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex in the
<a href="./mitochondria.html">mitochondria</a>. Acetate (from acetyl-CoA) is
then consumed in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle forming CO<sub>2</sub>.
</p>
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ normal subjects because of increased production of methylglyoxal.
<h2>PET tracers</h2>
-<p>Lactate has been labeled in the 1- (carboxylic) and 3-position.
-If L-lactate is labeled in the C-1 position (L-1-[<sup>11</sup>C]lactate),
+<p>Lactate has been labelled in the 1- (carboxylic) and 3-position.
+If L-lactate is labelled in the C-1 position (L-1-[<sup>11</sup>C]lactate),
the <sup>11</sup>C label is released as
<a href="./analysis_11c-co2.html">[<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub></a> already
when pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by PDH complex in mitochondria
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-metformin.html b/content/analysis_11c-metformin.html
index 5cb26d14..fb62c984 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-metformin.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-metformin.html
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ blood cholesterol levels, and altered microbiome (McCreight et al., 2016).
<p>Metformin is a strong base and it is positively charged under
physiological pH. Its uptake in the gut is mostly transporter-dependent, and
saturable, affected by inhibitors and other substrates of the transporters.
-Metformin is a substrate (and competetive inhibitor) for several transporters,
+Metformin is a substrate (and competitive inhibitor) for several transporters,
such as organic cation transporters (OCT1, OCT2, OCT3), plasma membrane
monoamine transporter (PMAT),
multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATE1 and MATE2), serotonin transporter
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-mp4a.html b/content/analysis_11c-mp4a.html
index c16b40cc..d9af5bf5 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-mp4a.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-mp4a.html
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ arterial plasma input has been the recommended method for analysis of
acetylcholinesterase inhibition studies, but due to the challenges in
measurement of arterial plasma input function, and especially in
<a href="./input_metabolite_correction.html">metabolite correction</a>,
-reference-tissue input methods are considered preferrable.
+reference-tissue input methods are considered preferable.
</p>
<h4>Pre-processing plasma input</h4>
@@ -252,7 +252,8 @@ fitk3 -lim=constraints.set ua1807ap_parent_delay.kbq ua1807ab_delay.kbq ua1807.d
<h2>References:</h2>
<p>Alkalay A, Rabinovici GD, Zimmerman G, Agarwal N, Kaufer D, Miller BL,
-Jagust WJ, Soreq H. Plasma acetylcholinesterase activity correlates withintracerebral β-amyloid load. <em>Curr Alz Res.</em> 2013; 10: 48-56.</p>
+Jagust WJ, Soreq H. Plasma acetylcholinesterase activity correlates with
+intracerebral β-amyloid load. <em>Curr Alz Res.</em> 2013; 10: 48-56.</p>
<p>Garibotto V, Tettamanti M, Marcone A, Florea I, Panzacchi A, Moresco R,
Virta JR, Rinne J, Cappa SF, Perani D.
@@ -381,7 +382,7 @@ blood sampling. In: <em>Brain Imaging Using PET</em>, 2002. (Eds. Senda M et al.
Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 41-46.</p>
<p>Östberg A, Virta J, Rinne JO, Oikonen V, Luoto P, Någren K, Arponen E,
-Tenovuo O. Cholinergic dysfunction after traimatic brain injury. Preliminary
+Tenovuo O. Cholinergic dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. Preliminary
findings from a PET study. <em>Neurology</em> 2011; 76: 1046-1050.</p>
<hr><br>
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-mp4b.html b/content/analysis_11c-mp4b.html
index d6ab6eed..2abdf0bc 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-mp4b.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-mp4b.html
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ of enzyme activity, instead of <em>k<sub>3</sub></em>.
fitk3 -lim=constraints.set -svg=ua2826k3.svg ua2826apc_delay.kbq ua2826ab_comb.delay.kbq ua2826dy1.dft 999 ua2826k3.res
</pre>
-<p>Note that you must use the delay fitted (filename usually contains *_delay.*)
+<p>Note that you must use the delay fitted (file name usually contains *_delay.*)
and metabolite corrected plasma curves.</p>
<h3><a name="map" title="map"></a>Butyrylcholinesterase activity maps</h3>
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-mpdx.html b/content/analysis_11c-mpdx.html
index c8a3f09c..2f8ecd87 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-mpdx.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-mpdx.html
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ tags:
<h2>Background</h2>
<p><a href="./target_adenosine.html">Adenosine receptor</a> subtype
-A<sub>1</sub>R can be quantified with PET and radiolabeled xanthine antagonists,
+A<sub>1</sub>R can be quantified with PET and radiolabelled xanthine antagonists,
such as [<sup>11</sup>C]MPDX,
8-dicyclopropylmethyl-1-<sup>11</sup>C-methyl-3-propylxanthine in human and rat
brain (Kimura et al., 2004; Paul et al., 2011).</p>
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-mto.html b/content/analysis_11c-mto.html
index cff456f5..e5d7fa46 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-mto.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-mto.html
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ GABA receptors are upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but
</ul>
<p>A strong relationship between <em>SUV</em> and <em>K<sub>i</sub></em>
-has been seen for all tumor types and normal adrenal glands (Minn et al., 2004).
+has been seen for all tumour types and normal adrenal glands (Minn et al., 2004).
</p>
<h3>Plasma data</h3>
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-palmitate.html b/content/analysis_11c-palmitate.html
index 961f0f37..e31c8ecb 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-palmitate.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-palmitate.html
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ including formation of [<sup>11</sup>C]-2-acetyl-CoA and production of
[<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub> by the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the
mitochondrial matrix.
The slower washout component correlates with incorporation of
-[<sup>11</sup>C]palmitate into triglyserides and phospholipids
+[<sup>11</sup>C]palmitate into triglycerides and phospholipids
(Schelbert et al., 1986; Grover-McKay et al., 1986).</p>
<p>Bergmann et al. (1996) have developed and validated in dogs a
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ component is reported (Knuuti et al., 2001).</p>
<a href="./analysis_11c-co2.html#metabolite">[<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub></a>
and other hydrophilic metabolites. The rest enters rapidly the stable brain
lipid pool (Miller et al., 1987; Chang et al., 1994). Brain preferentially
-incorporates fatty acids into phosphoglyserides instead of neutral lipids.
+incorporates fatty acids into phosphoglycerides instead of neutral lipids.
</p>
<p>A three-compartment model for palmitate incorporation into (rat) brain has
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ accounting for cerebral <a href="./blood_volume.html">blood volume</a> and
tissue uptake of metabolite [<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub> (Arai et al., 1995):
mean net uptake rates were about 0.0027 ml(min g)<sup>-1</sup> in cortical
regions and 0.0017 ml(min g)<sup>-1</sup> in white matter.
-However, monkeys were anesthetized, which in rats reduced brain uptake rate by
+However, monkeys were anaesthetized, which in rats reduced brain uptake rate by
40%. <em>V<sub>B</sub></em> was 3.5 - 4.8% in cortical regions and 2.2% in
white matter (Arai et al., 1995).
The same model was applied to monkey [<sup>11</sup>C]arachidonic acid studies
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ can be (also) used for doing <em>FUR</em> or <em>K</em> calculations.
<p>Insulin has a strong effect on <a href="./organ_liver.html">liver
metabolism</a> of [<sup>11</sup>C]palmitate (Guiducci et al., 2006),
-suggesting that PET studies with [<sup>11</sup>C]palmitate and palmitate analogs
+suggesting that PET studies with [<sup>11</sup>C]palmitate and palmitate analogues
will provide very interesting insight in regulation of lipid metabolism in liver.
Compartmental model has been used to analyze hepatic [<sup>11</sup>C]palmitate
data enabling measurement of hepatic fatty acid uptake, oxidation, storage and
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ function fit could provide useful information on β-oxidation.
DeGrado et al. (2000) calculated <a href="./model_distribution_volume.html"
>volume of distribution</a> (<em>V<sub>T</sub></em>) from liver PET data,
not a [<sup>11</sup>C]palmitate study, but another tracer with clearly
-reversible kinetics, and showed that <em>V<sub>T</sub></em> (nonlinearly)
+reversible kinetics, and showed that <em>V<sub>T</sub></em> (non-linearly)
correlated with [<sup>3</sup>H]palmitate oxidation rate. Therefore,
<a href="./model_mtga.html#logan">multiple-time graphical analysis for
reversible uptake (Logan plot)</a> with metabolite corrected plasma input
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ patients with ventricular dysfunction.
<p>Shoghi KI, Finck BN, Schechtman, Sharp T, Herrero P, Gropler RJ, Welch MJ.
In vivo metabolic phenotyping of myocardial substrate metabolism in rodents:
-differential efficacy of metforming and rosiglitazone monotherapy.
+differential efficacy of metformin and rosiglitazone monotherapy.
<em>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</em> 2009; 2: 373-381.</p>
<p>Shoghi KI, Welch MJ. Hybrid image and blood sampling input function for
@@ -462,5 +462,5 @@ function using positron emission tomography.
<em>Nucl Med Biol.</em> 1998; 25: 467-472.</p>
-<hr /><br />
+<hr><br>
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-pe2i.html b/content/analysis_11c-pe2i.html
index da373793..6ae589a5 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-pe2i.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-pe2i.html
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ found that SRTM does actually not perform as well as Logan analysis.
<p>A non-iterative two tissue compartment model (2TCNI) has been suggested by
DeLorenzo et al. (2009). With this non-iterative method, the data is compared
-to a set of precalculated functions, rather than performing
+to a set of pre-calculated functions, rather than performing
<a href="./model_compartmental_fitting.html">non-linear least squares fit</a>
(Ogden et al. 2007).</p>
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-pib.html b/content/analysis_11c-pib.html
index f93b52af..06080dae 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-pib.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-pib.html
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ perfusion (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.112.113654">van Berckel
et al., 2013</a>).
</p>
-<p>In cognitively intact individuals cerebellar gray matter is preferred
+<p>In cognitively intact individuals cerebellar grey matter is preferred
reference tissue compared to pons (Adamczuk et al., 2016).
AD patients may have also cerebellar plaques, which may render cerebellum
vulnerable as a reference area. Therefore, it may be necessary to calculated
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-pk11195.html b/content/analysis_11c-pk11195.html
index 00331739..f32693a0 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-pk11195.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-pk11195.html
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ and SRTM give better ICC than ratio or traditional Logan method
<p>For certain diseases it has been shown that cerebellum or certain cortical
regions do not have increased microglial burden, and then these regions can be
used as reference region for reference tissue model (Gerhard et al., 2002; 2005).
-Cerebellar gray matter can be used as reference tissue for quantifying TSPO
+Cerebellar grey matter can be used as reference tissue for quantifying TSPO
expression in human glioma (Su et al., 2015).
</p>
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ extract the reference tissue curve (Rissanen et al., 2014).</p>
"./tpcclib/doc/PK11195_input.html"
><code>PK11195_input.bat</code></a> is available for
<a href="./input_process.html">processing plasma input data</a>. As input it
-needs four data files, and <a href="./hematocrit.html">haematocrit</a> for
+needs four data files, and <a href="./hematocrit.html">hematocrit</a> for
<a href="/input_blood-to-plasma.html">plasma-blood TAC conversion</a>:</p>
<ol>
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-raclopride.html b/content/analysis_11c-raclopride.html
index d1f9fa67..026e8d12 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-raclopride.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-raclopride.html
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Long-term test-retest reliability studies have shown good reproducibility, even
in thalamus (Alakurtti et al., 2015).
</p>
-<p>Endogeneous dopamine release reduces RP binding, and the effect can be
+<p>Endogenous dopamine release reduces RP binding, and the effect can be
quantitated using SRTM extended with time-dependent activation function
(Alpert et al., 2003; Bäckman et al., 2017).</p>
@@ -171,13 +171,13 @@ please contact Jarkko Johansson or Jouni Tuisku.</p>
<h3><a name="turku_arterial-input">Bolus studies with plasma input</a></h3>
-<h4>Preparing the plasma input for modeling</h4>
+<h4>Preparing the plasma input for modelling</h4>
<p>A dedicated program for RP for corrections of plasma and blood data is not
available, because [<sup>11</sup>C]raclopride studies do not usually include
<a href="./input_sampling.html">blood sampling</a>. However, the low-level
software can be used to <a href="./input_process.html">prepare the input data
-for modeling</a>.</p>
+for modelling</a>.</p>
<p>If <a href="./input_abss.html">online blood sampling system</a> is used,
the blood TAC must be converted to plasma TAC. For RP we can assume that tracer
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ using either predetermined <em>V<sub>B</sub></em> or by fitting
<h4><a name="turku_dv-map">Parametric images with plasma input</a></h4>
<p>At present, strong <a href="./image_filtering.html">filtering</a> before
-modeling may be appropriate to reduce noise and noise-indused bias.</p>
+modelling may be appropriate to reduce noise and noise-induced bias.</p>
<p>Estimate a <em>V<sub>T</sub></em> image using dynamic PET image, previously
corrected plasma TAC, and
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-tmsx.html b/content/analysis_11c-tmsx.html
index da026eb7..54925826 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-tmsx.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-tmsx.html
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ Population-based input function is also feasible (Rissanen et al., 2015).
<h2>Reference regions as model input</h2>
<p>In a human brain study the cerebellum was at first suggested to be
-nonsuitable as <a href="./model_reference_tissue.html">reference region</a>
+non-suitable as <a href="./model_reference_tissue.html">reference region</a>
because of specific binding. However the level of specific binding in cerebellum
(and cerebral cortex) is so low compared to nonspecific binding that
quantification of A<sub>2A</sub>R binding there is difficult
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ protect the samples from light.</p>
<p>Two scripts, <a href="./tpcclib/doc/TMSX_input.html">TMSX_input.bat</a> and
<a href="./tpcclib/doc/TMSX_idinput.html">TMSX_idinput.bat</a> are available
-for corrections of plasma data, dependening on whether the initial phase is
+for corrections of plasma data, depending on whether the initial phase is
collected using <a href="./input_abss.html">ABSS (blood pump)</a> or
is <a href="./input_idi.html">derived from the image</a> from ROI placed on
aorta or LV cavity (see below).
diff --git a/content/analysis_11c-way100635.html b/content/analysis_11c-way100635.html
index 2150d9c0..2baf9970 100644
--- a/content/analysis_11c-way100635.html
+++ b/content/analysis_11c-way100635.html
@@ -182,7 +182,8 @@ nervosa measured by positron emission tomography and
<p>Bhagwagar Z, Montgomery AJ, Grasby PM, Cowen PJ. Lack of effect of a
single dose of hydrocortisone on serotonin<sub>1A</sub> receptors in
-revovered depressed patients measured by positron emission tomography with[<sup>11</sup>C]WAY-100635. <em>Biol. Psychiatry</em> 2003; 54: 890-895.</p>
+revovered depressed patients measured by positron emission tomography with
+[<sup>11</sup>C]WAY-100635. <em>Biol. Psychiatry</em> 2003; 54: 890-895.</p>
<p>Bhagwagar Z, Rabiner EA, Sargent PA, Grasby PM, Cowen PJ. Persistent
reduction in brain serotonin1A receptor binding in recovered depressed men
@@ -251,7 +252,8 @@ serotonin 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor binding potential measured by PET using
<p>Parsey RV, Slifstein M, Hwang D-R, Abi-Dargham A, Simpson N, Mawlawi O,
Guo N-N, Van Heertum R, Mann JJ, Laruelle M. Validation and reproducibility
-of measurement of 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor parameters with[<em>carbonyl</em>-<sup>11</sup>C]WAY-100635 in humans: comparison of arterial
+of measurement of 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor parameters with
+[<em>carbonyl</em>-<sup>11</sup>C]WAY-100635 in humans: comparison of arterial
and reference tissue input functions.
<em>J Cereb Blood Flow Metab.</em> 2000; 20:1111-1133.</p>
diff --git a/content/analysis_13n-nh3.html b/content/analysis_13n-nh3.html
index 772f4c0d..f1b54154 100644
--- a/content/analysis_13n-nh3.html
+++ b/content/analysis_13n-nh3.html
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ tags:
<p>Under physiological conditions (pH 7.2), ~99% of [<sup>13</sup>N]ammonia
exists in ammonium ion form [<sup>13</sup>N]NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, which
can only slowly penetrate cell membranes, possibly via K<sup>+</sup> transporter,
-but the nonionic form, [<sup>13</sup>N]NH<sub>3</sub>, diffuses rapidly into
+but the non-ionic form, [<sup>13</sup>N]NH<sub>3</sub>, diffuses rapidly into
cells. Intracellular [<sup>13</sup>N]ammonia can be metabolically trapped in
<a href="./target_glutamine.html">glutamine</a>,
<a href="./target_glutamate.html">glutamic acid</a>, and carbamyl phosphate.
diff --git a/content/analysis_15o-co.html b/content/analysis_15o-co.html
index ba5c0bfc..784a159f 100644
--- a/content/analysis_15o-co.html
+++ b/content/analysis_15o-co.html
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ using <em>carbon monoxide</em> as a tracer labeled with either C-11 or O-15
(Grubb et al., 1978; Martin et al., 1987).
The model is very simple and applicable to other tissues than brain as well:
inhaled tracer dose of labelled carbon monoxide is assumed to bind and stay
-bound to hemoglobin in the blood. After the "labeled" red blood cells are
+bound to haemoglobin in the blood. After the "labeled" red blood cells are
distributed evenly in the vasculature of the whole body, the concentrations of
radioactivity in tissue (using PET) and in blood
(<a href="./input_sampling.html">manual venous sampling</a>) are measured.
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ a coefficient with which the PET image will be multiplied with:</p>
The <a href="./input_plasma.html">blood datafile</a> is in ASCII format and
can be viewed with any word processor or listed on-screen with command
<code>type</code> (Windows) or <code>cat</code> in Linux/macOS, followed by
- the filename
+ the file name
</li>
<li>Multiply the blood average by 0.85</li>
<li>Divide 100 by this product value; i.e. 100/(blood*0.85)</li>
diff --git a/content/analysis_15o-co2.html b/content/analysis_15o-co2.html
index dd102854..18d8d213 100644
--- a/content/analysis_15o-co2.html
+++ b/content/analysis_15o-co2.html
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ carbonic anhydrase (CA):</p>
</div>
<p>This reaction is reversible, but since there is much more water in the body
-than carbon dioxide, practically all <sup>15</sup>O is labeling water.
+than carbon dioxide, practically all <sup>15</sup>O is labelling water.
The reaction rate of carbonic anhydrase is only limited by the diffusion rate
of the substrates, and equilibrium is thus instant as compared to the
time-resolution of PET.
diff --git a/content/analysis_18f-altanserin.html b/content/analysis_18f-altanserin.html
index 28a44762..3f399f80 100644
--- a/content/analysis_18f-altanserin.html
+++ b/content/analysis_18f-altanserin.html
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ binding: Relations to body mass index, tobacco and alcohol use.
<p>Ettrup A, Svarer C, McMahon B, da Cunha-Bang S, Lehel S, M&oslahs;ller K,
Dyssegaard A, Ganz M, Beliveau V, Jørgensen LM, Gillings N, Knudsen GM.
-Serotonin 2A receptor agonsit binding in the human brain with
+Serotonin 2A receptor agonist binding in the human brain with
[<sup>11</sup>C]Cimbi-36: test-retest reproducibility and head-to-head
comparison with the antagonist [<sup>18</sup>F]altanserin.
<em>Neuroimage</em> 2016; 130: 167-174.</p>
diff --git a/content/analysis_18f-deuteroaltanserin.html b/content/analysis_18f-deuteroaltanserin.html
index 0051a044..96a50d29 100644
--- a/content/analysis_18f-deuteroaltanserin.html
+++ b/content/analysis_18f-deuteroaltanserin.html
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Substitution of two deuterium atoms for hydrogen atoms retards the metabolism,
leading to improved target-to-background ratio
(Tan et al., 1998; van Dyck et al., 2000).
Bolus-infusion protocol was still feasible for [<sup>18</sup>F]deuteroaltanserin,
-providing again exellent test-retest reproducibility
+providing again excellent test-retest reproducibility
(van Dyck et al., 2000; Soares et al., 2001; Staley et al., 2001).
The dynamic PET scan is started about 5 h after the start of bolus-infusion
(van Dyck et al., 2000; Kugaya et al., 2003; Santhosh et al., 2009).
diff --git a/content/analysis_18f-exendin-4.html b/content/analysis_18f-exendin-4.html
index 70bdf0b5..d6065eb1 100644
--- a/content/analysis_18f-exendin-4.html
+++ b/content/analysis_18f-exendin-4.html
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Wu et al., 2013).
<p>Low amount of GLP-1 receptors requires that only low amount of peptide
(high specific activity) can be administered, especially in small animals,
to avoid receptor blocking effects.
-Although <sup>18</sup>F is an optimal isotope for labeling exendin-4 in high
+Although <sup>18</sup>F is an optimal isotope for labelling exendin-4 in high
specific activity, the binding results should be verified to not show any
correlation with the injected mass.
</p>
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Fraction of radiolabeled metabolite(s) in plasma and tissues is relatively
low even at 60 min p.i., except for kidneys and liver (Kiesewetter et al., 2012).
</p>
-<p>Kiesewetter et al. (2012) suggest that coprecipitation with plasma proteins
+<p>Kiesewetter et al. (2012) suggest that co-precipitation with plasma proteins
may be a confounding factor for determining parent fraction in plasma.
</p>
diff --git a/content/analysis_18f-fdg.html b/content/analysis_18f-fdg.html
index 0d9fa3d6..54bcc6aa 100644
--- a/content/analysis_18f-fdg.html
+++ b/content/analysis_18f-fdg.html
@@ -219,8 +219,8 @@ Liver has also been used as reference tissue in mice <a href="./organ_bat.html"
<p>Note however that SUV in liver correlates positively with
serum glucose levels, even when patients have been fasting and serum glucose
concentrations are considered to be at acceptable levels (Webb et al., 2015),
-has high interindividual variance and is dependent on BMI and sex
-(Rubello et al., 2015). Although tumour-to-blood ratio is preferrable to
+has high inter-individual variance and is dependent on BMI and sex
+(Rubello et al., 2015). Although tumour-to-blood ratio is preferable to
tumour-to-liver ratio, both are clearly better than SUV in oncological
FDG PET (Hofheinz et al., 2016).
</p>
diff --git a/content/analysis_18f-fdopa.html b/content/analysis_18f-fdopa.html
index 5ffd9c18..7bde9a54 100644
--- a/content/analysis_18f-fdopa.html
+++ b/content/analysis_18f-fdopa.html
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ tags:
<p>L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is a precursor of catecholamines
(dopamine, noradrenalin, and adrenalin). Its conversion to dopamine is
-catalyzed by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC).
+catalysed by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC).
L-DOPA in the brain is mainly synthesized by hydroxylation of tyrosine.
</p>
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ varied from 20-70 min (Heinz et al. 2005) to...
</p>
<p>Because of the near saturation of FDOPA transport, <em>K<sub>1</sub></em>
-and <em>k<sub>2</sub></em> are pproximately inversely proportional to the
+and <em>k<sub>2</sub></em> are approximately inversely proportional to the
concentration of large neutral amino acids in the plasma and brain, respectively
(Cunningham and Lammertsma, 1989). Leenders et al (1986) have shown that
intravenous amino acid loading reduced FDOPA brain uptake about 3-fold compared
diff --git a/content/analysis_18f-fluoride.html b/content/analysis_18f-fluoride.html
index 22577081..187cc4a5 100644
--- a/content/analysis_18f-fluoride.html
+++ b/content/analysis_18f-fluoride.html
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ tags:
<p><sup>18</sup>F-labeled NaF is increasingly used in PET imaging of human
skeletal disorders with several indications (Beheshti et al., 2015).
Fluoride incorporates into the <a href="./organ_bone.html">bone</a>
-at the site of bone formation and remodeling.
+at the site of bone formation and remodelling.
After intravenous bolus infusion, [<sup>18</sup>F]F<sup>-</sup> readily diffuses
from bone capillaries into the extracellular fluid, and fluoride ions are
exchanged with the hydroxyl ions in bone crystals (hydroxyapatite) to form
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ the intracellular fluoride concentrations are typically 10-50% lower.
<h3>Blood and blood plasma</h3>
<p>[<sup>18</sup>F]F<sup>-</sup> concentration in
-<a href="./input_plasma.html">arterial plasma</a> is traditionally concidered
+<a href="./input_plasma.html">arterial plasma</a> is traditionally considered
as the gold standard <a href="./input_function.html">input function</a>.
[<sup>18</sup>F]F<sup>-</sup> is in equilibrium between plasma and blood cells
(about two times higher concentration in plasma than in blood cells),
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ working folder (for example <code>C:\work</code>), create folder for
file names and paths as necessary. But be sure to enter DICOM folder name with
trailing <code>\*</code> with quotation marks around it, and as name for
<em>K<sub>i</sub></em> image enter the name of an existing but empty folder with
-prefix for DICOM filenames:</p>
+prefix for DICOM file names:</p>
<pre>
cd c:\work
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ available version.
suitable start time, 15 min may be more safe setting because image may contain
bone and other tissues of interest with markedly slower rates of metabolism.</p>
-<p>If filenames contain scandic characters (ä, ö, å),
+<p>If file names contain scandic characters (ä, ö, å),
you may need to first change the active console code page:</p>
<pre>
diff --git a/content/analysis_82rb.html b/content/analysis_82rb.html
index 0ecaf5be..610f710a 100644
--- a/content/analysis_82rb.html
+++ b/content/analysis_82rb.html
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ partially extracted tracers <sup>82</sup>Rb and
During one capillary pass, monovalent potassium analogue <sup>82</sup>Rb
([<sup>82</sup>Rb]Rb<sup>+</sup>) is only partially extracted by the myocardial
cells via the Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> adenosine triphosphatase pump, and
-extraction is inversely and nonlinearly proportional to perfusion.
+extraction is inversely and non-linearly proportional to perfusion.
Furthermore, extraction and retention, at a given perfusion level may be
affected by drugs or severe acidosis, hypoxia and ischemia.
</p>
diff --git a/content/analysis_batch.html b/content/analysis_batch.html
index 780e7ea4..7af9b885 100644
--- a/content/analysis_batch.html
+++ b/content/analysis_batch.html
@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ different Unix/Linux/macOS command shells.
<p>Use Notepad or similar program to create a text-only file. If you use
MS Office Word or other word processor, make sure to save the file in ASCII
-format, without any formatting (MS-DOS text). Save with filename extension
+format, without any formatting (MS-DOS text). Save with file name extension
<code>.bat</code>. Execute it like any other program from command line,
-without giving the filename extension, or by double-clicking its icon.
+without giving the file name extension, or by double-clicking its icon.
</p>
<h4>Example #1 (MS Windows, but would work also in Unix/Linux/macOS)</h4>
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ the called batch file to be executed.</p>
<h3>Creating script on Unix/Linux/macOS</h3>
<p>Use textedit, nedit, gedit, or any other ASCII text editor. There are no
-requirements for the filename or its extension, but <code>.sh</code> (shell)
+requirements for the file name or its extension, but <code>.sh</code> (shell)
extension is commonly used.
After you have saved the file, give everyone the permission to
execute it for example with command:</p>
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ Failed! on the screen.</p>
<h3>In Windows command shell</h3>
-<h4>Apply one command to all datafiles</h4>
+<h4>Apply one command to all data files</h4>
<p>You can use 'for' loop to execute a certain command to all of your files,
for example to convert all of your ECAT 6.3 format images in your current
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ into a new text file <code>studies.txt</code>:</p>
<h3>In Linux and macOS command shell</h3>
-<h4>Apply one command to all datafiles</h4>
+<h4>Apply one command to all data files</h4>
<p>You can use 'for' loop to execute a certain command to all of your files,
for example to convert all of your DFT format TAC files in your current
diff --git a/content/analysis_dota-e-crgdfk2.html b/content/analysis_dota-e-crgdfk2.html
index 1fea87c8..55d41346 100644
--- a/content/analysis_dota-e-crgdfk2.html
+++ b/content/analysis_dota-e-crgdfk2.html
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ an important tool for tumour diagnosis and treatment monitoring.</p>
fibronectin, and thrombospondin) contain a Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptide
sequence, which binds to many integrins, including
α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub>.
-Radiolabeled peptides containing the RGD peptide can be used to detect the
+Radiolabelled peptides containing the RGD peptide can be used to detect the
increased expression of α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub>
integrin in tumours and infarcted myocardium.
Multimerization of RGD-domains increases the affinity and specific uptake
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ of the tracer (Dijkgraaf et al., 2011).</p>
<p>[<sup>68</sup>Ga]-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)]<sub>2</sub> was synthesized and
evaluated preclinically by Janssen et al. (2002) and Dijkgraaf et al. (2011),
and the tracer is reviewed in MICAD by Leung.
-Tracer was seen to accumulate in tumor, and the binding was confirmed to be
-specific by coinjection of cold ligand.
+Tracer was seen to accumulate in tumour, and the binding was confirmed to be
+specific by co-injection of cold ligand.
</p>
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ compartment model results and validated with blocking studies
<p>The binding potential, BP<sub>ND</sub>, has been calculated using <a href=
"./model_logan_ref.html"
>Logan plot with reference tissue input</a>; muscle was used as reference region
-in case of tumor studies (Zhang et al., 2006; Guo et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2012).
+in case of tumour studies (Zhang et al., 2006; Guo et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2012).
Logan plot with reference input provides distribution volume ratio (DVR):</p>
<div class="eqs">
diff --git a/content/analysis_h2o_kidney.html b/content/analysis_h2o_kidney.html
index 82608b05..c48ada48 100644
--- a/content/analysis_h2o_kidney.html
+++ b/content/analysis_h2o_kidney.html
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ estimated RBF based on <em>k<sub>2</sub></em>:</p>
</div>
<p>RBF based on <em>k<sub>2</sub></em> is not affected by PVE and heterogeneity,
-but it is instead affected by glomerula filtration rate (GFR), estimated to be
+but it is instead affected by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), estimated to be
9.6% of <em>k<sub>2</sub></em> (Kudomi et al., 2009).
Similarly, RBF based on <em>k<sub>2</sub></em> will not be reduced by increased
fraction of non-perfusing tissue volumes, for example scar tissue, but that will
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ using <code>rbf_bfm_h2o</code>, version 0.01 or later, in Solaris terminal
window on SUN or PC platform (if the Solaris workstation where this software was
installed happens to be working).</p>
-<p>For example, if the dynamic PET image filename is us345dy1.v, and the
+<p>For example, if the dynamic PET image file name is us345dy1.v, and the
pre-corrected arterial blood curve is us345ab.kbq, you would enter the following
command:</p>
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ Chunlei Han about the status of this project.</p>
Windows, Linux, or macOS command prompt window.
Dynamic image data can be in ECAT, Analyze, or NIfTI format.</p>
-<p>For example, if the dynamic PET image filename is us345dy1.img, and the
+<p>For example, if the dynamic PET image file name is us345dy1.img, and the
pre-corrected arterial blood curve is us345ab.kbq, you would enter the following
command:</p>
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ time-activity concentration curves have been calculated from dynamic PET images,
the regional RBF can be estimated using <a href="./tpcclib/doc/fit_h2o.html">fit_h2o</a>
in Windows, Linux, or macOS command prompt window.</p>
-<p>For example, if the renal TAC filename is us345dy1.dft, and the corrected
+<p>For example, if the renal TAC file name is us345dy1.dft, and the corrected
arterial blood curve is us345ab.kbq, you would enter the following command:</p>
<pre>
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ fit_h2o -lim=rbf.lim -ml us345ab.kbq us345dy1.dft 240 us345rbf.res
<a href="./tpcclib/doc/bfmh2o.html">bfmh2o</a>
in Windows, Linux, or macOS command prompt window.</p>
-<p>For example, if the renal TAC filename is us345dy1.dft, and the corrected
+<p>For example, if the renal TAC file name is us345dy1.dft, and the corrected
arterial blood curve is us345ab.kbq, you would enter the following command:</p>
<pre>
diff --git a/content/analysis_h2o_muscle.html b/content/analysis_h2o_muscle.html
index 171f7617..f2e3f507 100644
--- a/content/analysis_h2o_muscle.html
+++ b/content/analysis_h2o_muscle.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ format.
</div>
<p>Exercise studies, when one leg is at rest, can also be analyzed
-semiquantitatively by calculating exercise-to-resting muscle ROI ratios
+semi-quantitatively by calculating exercise-to-resting muscle ROI ratios
(Ament et al., 1998); radioactivity concentration has roughly linear
relationship with muscle perfusion (Burchert et al., 1997).
</p>
diff --git a/content/analysis_h2o_pancreas.html b/content/analysis_h2o_pancreas.html
index 04be3bd0..75060dc6 100644
--- a/content/analysis_h2o_pancreas.html
+++ b/content/analysis_h2o_pancreas.html
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ that regional tissue TAC from pancreas is used in
<ol>
<li><a href="./roi_drawing.html">Draw ROIs on pancreas and calculate tissue
TACs</a>. See Figure 1.
- Make sure that TAC datafiles do not contain aortic TACs!</li>
+ Make sure that TAC data files do not contain aortic TACs!</li>
<li>On MS Windows PC in TPC network, do the corrections for blood data
using <a href="./tpcclib/doc/water_input.html"
>water_input</a> script.
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ pixels, not only the regional averages.</p>
<a href="./tpcclib/doc/imgflow.html">imgflow</a>,
version 0.8.2 or later.
-<p>For example, if the dynamic PET image filename is us345dy1.v, and the
+<p>For example, if the dynamic PET image file name is us345dy1.v, and the
corrected arterial blood curve is us345ab.kbq, you would enter the following
command:</p>
diff --git a/content/analysis_o2_brain.html b/content/analysis_o2_brain.html
index f7968cca..62fe4aa8 100644
--- a/content/analysis_o2_brain.html
+++ b/content/analysis_o2_brain.html
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ delay correction</a>; time delay correction is necessary in order to obtain
non-biased oxygen consumption estimates (Poulsen et al., 2007).</p>
<p><em>Notice</em> that in [<sup>15</sup>O]O<sub>2</sub> PET studies the
-countrate curve has often been unusable, probably because of high random counts
+count rate curve has often been unusable, probably because of high random counts
from dose collection system and/or exhaling of <sup>15</sup>O gases;
then we would advice to create "head curves" from dynamic PET images using
<a href="./tpcclib/doc/imghead.html">imghead</a>
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ for all studies and use these instead of countrate curves.
<a href=
"./tpcclib/doc/water_input.html">Water_input</a>
script creates a postscript (.ps) plot of corrected input curve and
-<a href="./pet_countrate.html">countrate curve</a>.
+<a href="./pet_countrate.html">count rate curve</a>.
Corrected blood curve often contains close-to-zero values in the end, which
should be removed with a text editor, or left out when determining the fit time.
</p>
diff --git a/content/analysis_shell.html b/content/analysis_shell.html
index 202a0eb7..19f0fbb9 100644
--- a/content/analysis_shell.html
+++ b/content/analysis_shell.html
@@ -165,19 +165,19 @@ increase the permissions:
<code>C:\"WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727"\CasPol.exe -quiet -m -cg 1.2. FullTrust.</code>
</p>
-<h3>Q: Can I use filenames with spaces?</h3>
+<h3>Q: Can I use file names with spaces?</h3>
<p>A: Space character in file or path names is not recommended, because it may
complicate analysis, backup and sending data to elsewhere.</p>
<p>S1: Rename files to have for example <code>_</code> instead of spaces.</p>
-<p>S2: Write filename inside double quotation marks "", and use analysis programs
+<p>S2: Write file name inside double quotation marks "", and use analysis programs
with version number (for example:
<code>taclist "Jaska Jokunen.dft"</code>).
</p>
-<h3>Q: Can I use filenames including patients name with scandinavian
+<h3>Q: Can I use file names including patients name with scandinavian
characters (ä, ö, å)?</h3>
<p>A: Preferably not, because names must not be seen outside hospital, and because
diff --git a/content/blood_volume.html b/content/blood_volume.html
index 547ac0bd..cbcee098 100644
--- a/content/blood_volume.html
+++ b/content/blood_volume.html
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ concentrations during the blood peak and introduces a bias in results.</p>
<p>If <em>V<sub>B</sub></em> is measured with
<a href="./analysis_15o-co.html">[<sup>15</sup>O]CO</a> scan or
-literature value is used, then it can be corrected before modeling (see below),
+literature value is used, then it can be corrected before modelling (see below),
or constrained in compartment model fitting.
If it is not known, it can be fitted as one model parameter in the compartment
model fitting.</p>
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ or from <a href="./tac_regional.html">regional time-activity curves</a> with
<a href="./analysis_15o-co.html">carbon monoxide</a>, labeled with either
O-15 or C-11.
The CO method is very simple: inhaled tracer dose of labelled carbon monoxide is
-assumed to bind and stay bound to hemoglobin in the blood. After the inhaled
+assumed to bind and stay bound to haemoglobin in the blood. After the inhaled
[<sup>15</sup>O]CO or [<sup>11</sup>C]CO has bound to the haemoglobin in
circulating <a href="./input_rbc.html">red blood cells</a>, and the RBCs are
distributed evenly in the vasculature of the whole body, the concentrations of
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ varied markedly in a study by
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-017-5320-0">Jain et al., 2017</a>.
</p>
-<p>Albumin can also be labelled <em>in vivo</em> using a prelabelled albumin
+<p>Albumin can also be labelled <em>in vivo</em> using a pre-labelled albumin
binder, such as Evans blue based [<sup>18</sup>F]AIF-NEB (<a href=
"http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.114.139642">Niu et al., 2014</a>).
</p>
diff --git a/content/compression.html b/content/compression.html
index 3912ec8f..76f075ce 100644
--- a/content/compression.html
+++ b/content/compression.html
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ tags:
<p>PET, CT, and MRI image files may be compressed in ZIP format (*.zip).
Usually PET images are compressed to about 50% of the original size.
-Zip file may contain several files and subfolders, which is practical
+Zip file may contain several files and sub-folders, which is practical
if data is sent over internet, for example using FTP,
<a href="https://apps.utu.fi/hermes/">Hermes</a>, or Biscom.
</p>
@@ -33,3 +33,5 @@ Alternatively the image areas outside of the body or regions of interests
can be cut out, for example using <a href=
"./tpcclib/doc/imgslim.html">imgslim</a>.
</p>
+
+<br>
diff --git a/content/copper.html b/content/copper.html
index 64df7acb..c87ef758 100644
--- a/content/copper.html
+++ b/content/copper.html
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ Inside the cell, Cu<sup>+</sup> ions are tightly bound by copper chaperones,
because free copper ions would react with wide variety of protein side chains
and copper is a potent inhibitor of many enzymes (Kaplan and Maryon, 2016).
Intracellular chaperones transport Cu<sup>+</sup> ions
-further to the target enzymes, including cytosolic SOD1, mitochodrial cytochrome
+further to the target enzymes, including cytosolic SOD1, mitochondrial cytochrome
oxidase, and ATP7A/B at the trans-Golgi network (Chakravarty et al., 2016).
Trans-Golgi membranes contain Cu-pumps which collect recycled and excess copper
in the Golgi, and insert Cu<sup>+</sup> into copper-dependent enzymes in
the secretory pathway, or traffic excess copper in vesicles to the plasma
membrane.
Copper works also as cofactor for dopamine β-hydroxylase and peptidylglycine
-αamidating mono-oxygenase, in neurotransmitter and neuropeptide biosythesis
+αamidating mono-oxygenase, in neurotransmitter and neuropeptide biosynthesis
(Kaplan and Maryon, 2016).
Cu-dependent lysyl oxidase is essential in cross-linking collagen in
<a href="./extracellular_matrix.html">extracellular matrix</a>.
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ CTR2 is assumed to work as intracellular copper transporter.</p>
<h2><sup>64</sup>Cu</h2>
<p><sup>64</sup>Cu has a <a href="./decay.html#halflives">half-life</a> of
-12.7 h, which is suitable for chelation labeling large-molecule imaging agents
+12.7 h, which is suitable for chelation labelling large-molecule imaging agents
that have relatively slow pharmacokinetics (Wadas et al., 2007).
It decays by three routes, 45% via electron capture, 37.1% via β<sup>-</sup>
decay, and 18% via <a href="./branching_ratio.html">β<sup>+</sup> decay</a>.
diff --git a/content/decay.html b/content/decay.html
index 16f57792..11fcb6ce 100644
--- a/content/decay.html
+++ b/content/decay.html
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ to ligand mass.</p>
<h2><a name="halflives">Halflives of PET isotopes</a></h2>
-<p>The literature gives discrepant halflives (T<sub>1/2</sub>) for the
+<p>The literature gives discrepant half-lives (T<sub>1/2</sub>) for the
radioactive isotopes. Currently the reference used in Turku PET Centre is:
<br>
Table of Isotopes, Sixth edition, edited by C.M. Lederer, J.M. Hollander,
diff --git a/content/delaytime.html b/content/delaytime.html
index 9db6f4b1..d0ea4451 100644
--- a/content/delaytime.html
+++ b/content/delaytime.html
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ ascending 1-3 s before the tissue curve.</p>
<p>For delay correction, corrected blood curve measured using
<a href="./input_abss.html">on-line detector</a> and <a href=
-"./pet_countrate.html">PET countrate curve (*.cr)</a> are normally used.</p>
+"./pet_countrate.html">PET count rate curve (*.cr)</a> are normally used.</p>
<p>It may be possible to use manually sampled <a href=
"./input_plasma.html">blood or plasma curve</a> instead of <a href=
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ascending 1-3 s before the tissue curve.</p>
taken at 10-15 s intervals (at max), and the initial increasing phase of
the curve contains several samples.</p>
-<p>Also, the <a href="./pet_countrate.html">countrate curve</a> can be replaced
+<p>Also, the <a href="./pet_countrate.html">count rate curve</a> can be replaced
with <a href="./tac_regional.html">regional TACs</a> (see below) or
"head curve", an average TAC from the dynamic image or sinogram made with
<a href="./tpcclib/doc/imghead.html">imghead</a>,
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ if PET time frames are short enough (10-15 s or less) in the beginning of the
PET scan.
</p>
-<h4><a name="roitac">Countrate curve must not be used in certain cases</a></h4>
+<h4><a name="roitac">Count rate curve must not be used in certain cases</a></h4>
<p>If the <a href="./organ_heart.html">heart</a>,
<a href="./organ_lung.html">lungs</a> or aorta is inside the PET image volume
(or even close to it in 3D studies, in which the spill-over artefacts may be
-significant), then the use of countrate or head curve is discouraged:
+significant), then the use of count rate or head curve is discouraged:
In the heart and large arteries the initial radioactivity concentration is
relatively high and appears considerably sooner than in the tissue of interest.
This may cause a bias of a few seconds in the estimated delay time.
@@ -107,16 +107,16 @@ delay can be corrected using
<a href="./tpcclib/doc/dftslope.html">dftslope</a>,
or <a href="./tpcclib/doc/taccalc.html">taccalc</a>.
</li>
- <li>Initial bump in the <a href="./pet_countrate.html">countrate curve</a>,
+ <li>Initial bump in the <a href="./pet_countrate.html">count rate curve</a>,
sometimes caused by approaching injection syringe;
set the values manually to zero.</li>
<li>The curves have different time units; check by looking at the first (time)
- column in the datafiles, and correct using
+ column in the data files, and correct using
<a href="./tpcclib/doc/tacunit.html">tacunit</a>.
</li>
<li>Manual input curve has too few samples during the radioactivity build-up
phase.</li>
- <li>Old <a href="./pet_countrate.html">countrate</a> or blood datafile does
+ <li>Old <a href="./pet_countrate.html">count rate</a> or blood datafile does
not contain sample times;
check by looking at the datafile, and add the time column using <a href=
"./tpcclib/doc/addtimes.html">addtimes</a>.
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ plasma or blood curve are changed.</p>
<p>If you use <a href="./tpcclib/doc/fitdelay.html">
fitdelay</a> to
make the delay correction, you can correct all plasma and blood curves belonging
-to the same study by entering the filenames to the end of the command line.
+to the same study by entering the file names to the end of the command line.
</p>
diff --git a/content/drug_dosage.html b/content/drug_dosage.html
index 35c0fc8f..63dde3e4 100644
--- a/content/drug_dosage.html
+++ b/content/drug_dosage.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ This curve can be accomplished with relatively few subjects and PET studies.
alt="inhibition versus plasma concentration" />
</p>
-<p>With pharmacokinetic studies (without PET), with considerably more study
+<p>With pharmacokinetics studies (without PET), with considerably more study
subjects, we can then determine the oral drug dosage that leads to required
plasma concentration.
</p>
diff --git a/content/extracellular_matrix.html b/content/extracellular_matrix.html
index 91f6fc08..97ea4dae 100644
--- a/content/extracellular_matrix.html
+++ b/content/extracellular_matrix.html
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ plaques.
<p>Extracellular proteases, including serine proteases, meprins, and
matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), have a role in degradation of ECM and
-release of signaling molecules (growth factors) from the ECM.
+release of signalling molecules (growth factors) from the ECM.
MMP-9 is considered as an inflammatory proteinase, and especially linked to
neuroinflammation. These enzymes have several natural inhibitors, and proteases
also degrade other proteases.
diff --git a/content/ficks_principle.html b/content/ficks_principle.html
index f5ad0693..0624838c 100644
--- a/content/ficks_principle.html
+++ b/content/ficks_principle.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ arteriovenous difference in oxygen concentration by perfusion
Alternatively, PET results can be used to calculate substrate extraction
(arteriovenous difference), for example glucose extraction in
-<em>mmols per liter</em> (or percentage) when both tissue perfusion and
+<em>mmols per litre</em> (or percentage) when both tissue perfusion and
metabolic rate of glucose (regional glucose uptake, <em>rGU</em>) is measured
using PET (Nuutila et al., 1996):</p>
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ using PET (Nuutila et al., 1996):</p>
<h2>Blood versus plasma</h2>
-<p>It must be kept in mind that the Fick equation contains <em>blood</em> flow,
+<p>It must be kept in mind that the Fick's equation contains <em>blood</em> flow,
and concentrations in arterial and venous <em>blood</em>.</p>
<p>However, substrate concentration is often measured in plasma, instead of
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ substrate concentrations in red blood cells (RBC) and plasma (PL):</p>
</script>
</div>
-<p>and Fick equation with plasma concentrations instead of blood concentration
+<p>and Fick's equation with plasma concentrations instead of blood concentration
becomes:</p>
<div class="eqs">
diff --git a/content/format_abss_bld.html b/content/format_abss_bld.html
index 3fdd5f82..70a49efc 100644
--- a/content/format_abss_bld.html
+++ b/content/format_abss_bld.html
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ you suspect or have found out that this has happened, contact Tuula Tolvanen
<p>If the same study has been started again because of some failure in the first
try, it may happen that on-line detector raw data consists of the start of the
-interrupted study, and directly after it, the data from the succesful second
+interrupted study, and directly after it, the data from the successful second
try. In this case, you can read the raw data file in a text editor, remove there
the data belonging to the first study, and then save the data again in ASCII
file, and then continue the analysis as usual. However, you should make a
diff --git a/content/format_hammersmith.html b/content/format_hammersmith.html
index afc40965..a0808bdb 100644
--- a/content/format_hammersmith.html
+++ b/content/format_hammersmith.html
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ tacunit</a>.
<p>Starting in the end of year 2005, recent versions of software
that have been compiled with libtpccurveio version 1.2.1 or later
(you can check this by giving command line option <code>--version</code> to the
-program) can identify and read IDWC files instead of DFT files, if filename
+program) can identify and read IDWC files instead of DFT files, if file name
extension is *.idwc or *.idw.
</p>
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ extension is *.idwc or *.idw.
must first be converted into local format and separate files for
whole blood and metabolite corrected plasma.
If IF data is not directly used as model input, recent versions of
-software can identify and read IF datafiles instead of DFT or *.kbq files,
-if filename extension is *.if.
+software can identify and read IF data files instead of DFT or *.kbq files,
+if file name extension is *.if.
</p>
<p>However, software saves TAC data always in
diff --git a/content/format_image.html b/content/format_image.html
index e17e1ca7..2abf3f2f 100644
--- a/content/format_image.html
+++ b/content/format_image.html
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ available in Turku PET Centre (contact Harri Merisaari).
<h3><a title="polarmap" name="polarmap"></a>Polar map</h3>
<p>A variant of ECAT 7 polar map format will be used in Turku PET Centre for
-storing and modeling myocardial PET data. Polar maps will be constructed with
+storing and modelling myocardial PET data. Polar maps will be constructed with
<a href="http://www.turkupetcentre.fi/carimas/">Carimas</a>.
</p>
diff --git a/content/format_image_ecat.html b/content/format_image_ecat.html
index bb7eff5e..33efdec1 100644
--- a/content/format_image_ecat.html
+++ b/content/format_image_ecat.html
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ tags:
<h1>ECAT format</h1>
<p>ECAT format can contain PET raw data
-(<a href="./sinogram.html">sinogram</a>, normalization and atteanuation data;
+(<a href="./sinogram.html">sinogram</a>, normalization and
+<a href="./attenuation.html">attenuation</a> data;
*.scn or *s, *.nrm, and *.atn, respectively),
dynamic and parametric images (*.img, *.v or *.i) and polar maps.
ECAT file contains header information and pixel data.
@@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ found in subheaders. For quantitative image values, also factors like
<p>PET program library is written to be platform independent.
However, SUN workstations (Solaris) have not been available for years for
-testing, and therefore the programs might not work there anymore.</p>
+testing, and therefore the programs might not work there any more.</p>
<p>All ECAT7 data is always saved in big endian byte order, because if data were
to be written in little endian byte order (which is the case in ECAT 6.3 format),
diff --git a/content/format_tpc_dft.html b/content/format_tpc_dft.html
index 22ac9d28..d7d64fcf 100644
--- a/content/format_tpc_dft.html
+++ b/content/format_tpc_dft.html
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ tags:
<h1>DFT TAC file format</h1>
<p>
-DFT is a multipurpose ASCII data file format for <a href="./tac_regional.html"
+DFT is a multi-purpose ASCII data file format for <a href="./tac_regional.html"
>regional tissue time-activity curves</a> (TTACs), <a href="./input_plasma.html"
>blood or plasma TACs</a> (PTACs), and <a href="./input_parent_fractions.html"
>fractions of authentic tracer</a> and its metabolites in plasma.
diff --git a/content/image_catenation.html b/content/image_catenation.html
index 3d37058d..a6985227 100644
--- a/content/image_catenation.html
+++ b/content/image_catenation.html
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ then follow the procedure for
<p>Use the command-line program
<a href="./tpcclib/doc/ecatcat.html">ecatcat</a>
to catenate the images or sinograms.
-You need to enter the filenames of the images or sinograms to be catenated and
+You need to enter the file names of the images or sinograms to be catenated and
the name for the catenated file. Program looks the scan start times and frame times
in the file headers, and corrects automatically the frame times and the correction
for <a href="./decay.html">physical decay</a> when necessary.
diff --git a/content/image_clustering.html b/content/image_clustering.html
index 603c6df3..d933e731 100644
--- a/content/image_clustering.html
+++ b/content/image_clustering.html
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ The volumes-of-interest (VOIs) are created automatically
and objectively, instead of <a href="./roi_drawing.html">manual VOI drawing</a>,
and are based on functional, not anatomical, data. Clustering process may
include spatial constraints, for example when used to delineate tissue lesions.
-Enhanced random walk algorithm for VOI delination (Stefano et al., 2017)
+Enhanced random walk algorithm for VOI delineation (Stefano et al., 2017)
includes clustering step.</p>
<p>Spatial information is not used in extraction of
diff --git a/content/image_filtering.html b/content/image_filtering.html
index c4c33855..eedb49ed 100644
--- a/content/image_filtering.html
+++ b/content/image_filtering.html
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ using
<p>Volume-based (3D) smoothing in the brain increases
<a href="./image_pve.html">partial volume effects</a>. Cortical surface-based
-smoothing can reduce the bias and intersubject variance (Greve et al., 2014).
+smoothing can reduce the bias and inter-subject variance (Greve et al., 2014).
</p>
diff --git a/content/image_parametric.html b/content/image_parametric.html
index f2b62286..3b37e32e 100644
--- a/content/image_parametric.html
+++ b/content/image_parametric.html
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ and University Hospital is strictly forbidden, unless names are first removed.
<h2>Computation of parametric images</h2>
-<p>PMOD contains a lot of modeling options to producing parametric images.</p>
+<p>PMOD contains a lot of modelling options to producing parametric images.</p>
<p>Several in-house programs are available for <a href=
"./image_model.html">computation of parametric images</a>, including
diff --git a/content/image_presentation.html b/content/image_presentation.html
index a8826ed7..679354ce 100644
--- a/content/image_presentation.html
+++ b/content/image_presentation.html
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ quantitative data in <a href="./format_image.html">formats</a> dedicated to
nuclear imaging and PET, and these files are not
readable by common office or photo editing software.</p>
-<p>There are several commercial and noncommercial
+<p>There are several commercial and non-commercial
<a href="./roi_drawing.html">PET image analysis tools</a> which will display PET
images on screen, and allow you to save the displayed image in common raster
file formats like TIFF, GIF, JPEG or PNG; or you can use the Print Screen
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ editing.</p>
<h2>Comparison of PET images</h2>
<p>For reporting purposes usually one or more images need to be compared, and
-then it is important that the images are displayed in the same color scale.
+then it is important that the images are displayed in the same colour scale.
PET image analysis software usually allow user to set the maximum and minimum
pixel values when displaying images.</p>
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ These should be accounted for by computing <a href="./image_parametric.html"
<p>TIFF images can be made using command-line tool
<a href="./tpcclib/doc/img2tif.html">img2tif</a>
without PET image analysis software, which may come handy when lots of images
-need to be generated for reports. Color scale can be selected using appropriate
+need to be generated for reports. Colour scale can be selected using appropriate
options. Most photo editing programs can read TIFF format, and these files can
be directly drag-and-dropped into PowerPoint.
For setting the color scale, the maximum pixel value of all images is needed
diff --git a/content/image_reconstruction.html b/content/image_reconstruction.html
index 29dcfcdd..8726a88d 100644
--- a/content/image_reconstruction.html
+++ b/content/image_reconstruction.html
@@ -234,9 +234,9 @@ using program <a href=
-<h3>Reprojection of images</h3>
+<h3>Re-projection of images</h3>
-<p>For testing purposes, it is possible to compute a reprojected sinogram
+<p>For testing purposes, it is possible to compute a re-projected sinogram
using program
<a href="./tpcclib/doc/img2scn.html">img2scn</a>.
</p>
diff --git a/content/immuno-pet.html b/content/immuno-pet.html
index 000fefc8..87eeb692 100644
--- a/content/immuno-pet.html
+++ b/content/immuno-pet.html
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ tags:
enabling highly specific imaging of tissue antigen expression in vivo.
However, the nonspecifically bound antibodies stay in the body for a long time,
and it may take days before PET scan with good image contrast can be obtained.
-Isotopes with long halflives, such as
+Isotopes with long half-lives, such as
<a href="./zirconium.html"><sup>89</sup>Zr</a> or
<a href="./iodine.html"><sup>124</sup>I</a>,
has to be used, which leads to high radiation dose to the subjects.
<a href="./pretargeted_imaging.html">Pretargeted PET imaging</a> enables PET
scanning in only few hours after tracer injection; isotopes with shorter
-halflives, such as <sup>18</sup>F and <sup>68</sup>Ga, can therefore be used,
+half-lives, such as <sup>18</sup>F and <sup>68</sup>Ga, can therefore be used,
reducing the radiation dose.
</p>
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ monoclonal antibodies. <em>Clin Pharmacokinet.</em> 2013; 52(2): 83-124.</p>
<p>Glassman PM, Abuqayyas L, Balthasar JP. Assessments of antibody
biodistribution. <em>J Clin Pharmacol.</em> 2015; 55(S3): S29-S38.</p>
-<p>Goldsmith SJ. Receptor imaging: compatitive or complimentary to antibody
+<p>Goldsmith SJ. Receptor imaging: competitive or complimentary to antibody
imaging? <em>Semin Nucl Med.</em> 1997; 27(2): 85-93.</p>
<p>Goodwin DA. Pharmacokinetics and antibodies.
diff --git a/content/input_abss_process.html b/content/input_abss_process.html
index 9613fe2c..ecaa1ee8 100644
--- a/content/input_abss_process.html
+++ b/content/input_abss_process.html
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ tags:
<h1>Processing ABSS data</h1>
-<p><em>Researcher</em> has to preprocess the arterial
+<p><em>Researcher</em> has to pre-process the arterial
<a href="./input_abss.html">blood data collected using an on-line detector with
"blood pump")</a> (*.alg, *.bld, *.txt or *.blo.lis files), before using it as
the <a href="./input_plasma.html">input</a> in his/her data analyses.
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ manually in a text editor.
pre-processed by the personnel of blood laboratory, and the necessary
corrections for manually sampled blood and plasma
<abbr title="time-activity curves">TACs</abbr> are made to the data
-before the datafiles are copied to PETPACS or <code>S:\Lab\plasma\</code>.
+before the data files are copied to PETPACS or <code>S:\Lab\plasma\</code>.
</p>
<p>When you have the combined plasma TAC, you can proceed with the
diff --git a/content/input_blood-to-plasma.html b/content/input_blood-to-plasma.html
index ac74b67a..13434795 100644
--- a/content/input_blood-to-plasma.html
+++ b/content/input_blood-to-plasma.html
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ tags:
<h1>Converting blood TAC to plasma TAC</h1>
-<p>Most PET tracers equilibriate relatively slowly between plasma and <a href=
+<p>Most PET tracers equilibrate relatively slowly between plasma and <a href=
"./input_rbc.html">red blood cells (RBCs)</a>. In these cases only the tracer in
plasma is available to tissue extraction during the blood passage through
the capillary.
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ but the first appearing metabolite,
style="padding:10px 0px 0px 10px; width:240px; height:240px;" /></a>
<a href="./pic/p2b_palmitate.svg">
<img src="./pic/p2b_palmitate.svg"
- alt="Average plasma-to-blood ratio in [11C]palmiate PET studies"
+ alt="Average plasma-to-blood ratio in [11C]palmitate PET studies"
style="padding:10px 0px 0px 10px; width:240px; height:240px;" /></a>
<p><strong>Figure.</strong> Functions representing population
average of plasma-to-blood ratio in [<sup>11</sup>C]-<em>R</em>-PK11195 and
diff --git a/content/input_fitting.html b/content/input_fitting.html
index b66444e1..d75cac6e 100644
--- a/content/input_fitting.html
+++ b/content/input_fitting.html
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ curves. The "model 2" can be fitted with program
</div>
<p>Function for short infusion protocols was used by Oakes et al. (1999),
-and these functions, optionally with a few extensions, can be fitted withprogram
+and these functions, optionally with a few extensions, can be fitted with program
<a href="./tpcclib/doc/fit_sinf.html">fit_sinf</a>.
<em>T<sub>ap</sub></em> is the appearance time of radioactivity in the blood or
plasma, and <em>T<sub>in</sub></em> is the infusion time.
diff --git a/content/input_idi.html b/content/input_idi.html
index 9465702a..6b2f65cf 100644
--- a/content/input_idi.html
+++ b/content/input_idi.html
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ need to be taken (Zanotti-Fregonara et al., 2011). Injection catheter can
be used for venous blood sampling at late times (Hoekstra et al., 2000).
Numerous research publications contain validation of a specific IDIF method
for a specific study protocol, but the methods rarely have been applicable
-in other study protocols or research institutes without laborous revalidation.
+in other study protocols or research institutes without laborious revalidation.
</p>
<p>Arterial blood curve is relatively easy to measure from heart cavities
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ arterial calcifications (for example <a href=
</p>
<p>In brain PET studies the blood curve is estimated from carotid arteries
-or other intracranial blood vessels, but because of large <a href=
+or other intra-cranial blood vessels, but because of large <a href=
"./image_pve.html">partial volume effect</a> and proximity of large veins
the results may be poor and require a few blood samples for calibration.
Different approaches like factor analysis, cluster analysis, and applying MRI
diff --git a/content/input_plasma.html b/content/input_plasma.html
index e6527110..7f9c28e6 100644
--- a/content/input_plasma.html
+++ b/content/input_plasma.html
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ concentration in the blood</a>.
<li>by <a href="./input_sampling.html">manual or automated sampling</a>
of arterial blood: arterial catheterization is safe and reliable,
but burdensome;</li>
- <li><a href="./input_idi.html">non-invasively from dynamic PET image</a>,
+ <li><a href="./input_idi.html">noninvasively from dynamic PET image</a>,
if heart, arch of aorta, abdominal aorta or other large artery is visible
in the image;</li>
<li>by sampling <em>arterialized venous blood</em>: hand is warmed to increase
diff --git a/content/input_rbc.html b/content/input_rbc.html
index bfa46e70..99b05cd1 100644
--- a/content/input_rbc.html
+++ b/content/input_rbc.html
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ tags:
<h1>Erythrocytes in PET studies</h1>
-<p>Radiolabeled erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) have been used in
+<p>Radiolabelled erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) have been used in
quantification of tissue
<a href="./blood_volume.html">blood volume</a> and
<a href="./analysis_o2_brain.html">oxygen consumption</a>.
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ detail.
<h2><a name="RBC">Erythrocytes</a></h2>
-<p>Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) originate from hematopoietic stemm cell
+<p>Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) originate from hematopoietic stem cell
(HSC) in the <a href="./organ_bone.html#marrow">bone marrow</a>.
HCS divides asymmetrically, resulting in an identical
HCS and another cell destined for differentiation steps into a reticulocyte and
@@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ after haemoglobin.
<p>RBC membrane is composed of proteins (52%), lipids (40%), and carbohydrates
(8%).
-Proteins include anion exhangers and membrane transporters and glycophorins.
+Proteins include anion exchangers and membrane transporters and glycophorins.
Inner membrane contains proteins such as actin, myosin and tropomyosin.
-Glycolipids, phosphatidylcholine and spingomyelin are oriented towards
+Glycolipids, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are oriented towards
the plasma, and phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine and
phosphoinositolphospholipids towards the cytoplasm.
Carbohydrates are bound to membrane proteins and lipids, forming the glycocalyx.
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ charge of the erythrocyte membrane, preventing adhesion to endothelium.
<h2>Functions of erythrocytes</h2>
-<p>The role of hemoglobin in red blood cells in the transport of O<sub>2</sub>
+<p>The role of haemoglobin in red blood cells in the transport of O<sub>2</sub>
and CO<sub>2</sub> is well known. RBCs also transport NH<sub>3</sub>.
RBC are also involved in the transport of purines from liver to other organs,
cholesterol, and iC3b/C3b-carrying immune complexes.
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ For instance, thiazides bind to carbonic anhydrase, leading to the
chlorthalidone
<a href="./input_blood-to-plasma.html#rbc-to-plasma">RBC-to-plasma ratio</a>
of about 70.
-Fentanyl is mainly bound to hemoglobin, but as it is also bound to plasma
+Fentanyl is mainly bound to haemoglobin, but as it is also bound to plasma
proteins, the RBC-to-plasma ratio was found to be 1.01
(<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6121896">Bower, 1982</a>).
Alfentanil is diffused into erythrocytes, but not bound there, and therefore
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ membrane even without transporters, but the high affinity to plasma proteins
leads to very small intracellular FA concentrations (Kleinfeld et al., 1998).
</p>
-<p>Some of the transporters in RBCs are available in small numbers, escpecially
+<p>Some of the transporters in RBCs are available in small numbers, especially
in old RBCs, limiting the transport capacity. Medications may lead to saturation
or inhibition of the transporters.
Diseases and genetic differences in transporters between subjects may also
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ Nucleoside analogs are being used as immunosuppressants, antiviral agents, and
anticancer drugs, and also as PET tracers.
</p>
-<p>Erythrocyte plasma mebranes contain also small amount of <a href=
+<p>Erythrocyte plasma membranes contain also small amount of <a href=
"./target_p2-receptors.html">P2 purinoceptors</a>.</p>
<h3>UT-B</h3>
diff --git a/content/input_sampling.html b/content/input_sampling.html
index 8eae6d87..c8eec87f 100644
--- a/content/input_sampling.html
+++ b/content/input_sampling.html
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Tube is then immediately placed on ice to slow down further metabolism and
transport from plasma to blood cells. The exact time of blood sampling is
recorded.</p>
-<p>Blood sample tubes are centrifugated (at +4 °C) to separate plasma.
+<p>Blood sample tubes are centrifuged (at +4 °C) to separate plasma.
A certain volume of plasma is then moved to another tube, and its radioactivity
is measured using gamma counter.
If also concentration in total blood needs to be measured, then the rest of
diff --git a/content/iodine.html b/content/iodine.html
index 162c2152..d309a15f 100644
--- a/content/iodine.html
+++ b/content/iodine.html
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ In addition, the chemistry of iodine is very similar to that of bromine
<p>Problems in using <sup>124</sup>I include the high
<a href="./branching_ratio.html">fraction of non-positron decays</a>,
-leading to coemission of photons with similar energy range then the annihilation
+leading to co-emission of photons with similar energy range then the annihilation
photons, and the high energy of the emitted positrons, leading to long
positron range and decreased image resolution, affecting especially
preclinical PET scans (Belov et al., 2011; Lubberink and Herzog, 2011;
diff --git a/content/microspheres.html b/content/microspheres.html
index 99e266b3..9e0ff9ca 100644
--- a/content/microspheres.html
+++ b/content/microspheres.html
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ tags:
<p>Labelled microspheres can be used to quantify tissue perfusion in
animal studies. Larger microspheres that are trapped in the precapillary
arterioles measure total blood flow in the tissue, and smaller microspheres
-which are only trapped in the capillaries measure the nutritive bloood flow.
+which are only trapped in the capillaries measure the nutritive blood flow.
</p>
<h2>SIRT</h2>
diff --git a/content/mitochondria.html b/content/mitochondria.html
index 1475b86a..0280c014 100644
--- a/content/mitochondria.html
+++ b/content/mitochondria.html
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ tags:
<h1>Mitochondria in PET studies</h1>
-<p>Mitochondrion is a cell organelle in eukaryotes, originally endocymbiotic
+<p>Mitochondrion is a cell organelle in eukaryotes, originally endosymbiotic
prokaryotic cell. Mitochondria are present in all cells, except mature
<a href="./input_rbc.html">red blood cells</a>, but their number, size, and
shape is highly variable. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles, constantly
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ undergoing fusion and fission, in association with the cytoskeleton.
<h2>Structure</h2>
<p>
-Mitochodrion has two membranes, the outer membrane, and and the inner membrane,
+Mitochondrion has two membranes, the outer membrane, and and the inner membrane,
which is highly compartmentalized with infoldings (cristae), with surface area
several folds larger than the outer membrane.
The space within the inner membrane (matrix) contains mitochondrial ribosomes,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ in the intermembrane space only.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associates with large fraction of the mitochondrial
outer membrane (mitochondria-associated ER-membrane, MAM); it has a critical
role in cellular homeostasis, for example via involvement in Ca<sup>2+</sup>
-signaling; it is also crucial in lipid and lipid intermediate transfer between
+signalling; it is also crucial in lipid and lipid intermediate transfer between
mitochondria and ER.
</p>
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ mitochondria, or part of the mtDNA inside one mitochondrion, are defective.
During cell division, the mitochondria segregate randomly between the two new
cells. During embryonic development the cells carrying defective mitochondria
may end up in different organs, causing variable symptoms, like in MELAS.
-Some mutations are seldomly inherited but occur spontaneously, such as mtDNA
+Some mutations are seldom inherited but occur spontaneously, such as mtDNA
deletions in Kearns-Sayre syndrome.
</p>
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ of amino acids and other molecules, and NADH, FADH<sub>2</sub>,
and succinate for the oxidative phosphorylation pathway.
</p>
-<p><em>Oxidative phophorylation pathway</em> produces ATP. Inner mitochondrial
+<p><em>Oxidative phosphorylation pathway</em> produces ATP. Inner mitochondrial
membrane contains the components of <em>electron transport chain</em>, where
electrons are transferred in redox reactions from NADH to oxygen, and
the energy is used to create an electrochemical gradient across the membrane
@@ -106,13 +106,13 @@ ATP synthase uses the H<sup>+</sup> gradient to produce ATP.
<p>Reduction of oxygen in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway involves
potentially harmful intermediates, reactive oxygen species (ROS).
-ROS have also signaling functions.
+ROS have also signalling functions.
</p>
<h3>Oxidative stress</h3>
-<p>Mitochodrial outer membrane contains monoamine oxidase (MAO), which
+<p>Mitochondrial outer membrane contains monoamine oxidase (MAO), which
oxidizes monoamines, such as noradrenaline, and produces hydrogen peroxide
in the process.</p>
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ Warburg effect).
a structural analogue of the insecticide pyridaben, which competes for MC-1
binding with ubiquinone.
In the <a href="./organ_heart.html">heart</a> oxidative phosphorylation is very
-active and the density of mitochodria is high; the uptake of
+active and the density of mitochondria is high; the uptake of
[<sup>18</sup>F]Flurpiridaz is nearly irreversible, and limited by blood flow,
in the myocardium. Therefore, this tracer has been used to measure myocardial
perfusion. However, in other organs, the uptake of [<sup>18</sup>F]Flurpiridaz
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ Neuronal damage after ischemia can be observed with this tracer, although
relatively high nonspecific uptake in the brain has led the researchers to
develop other analogues (<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.113.125328"
>Tsukada et al., 2014</a>).
-[<sup>18</sup>F]-BCPP-EF has shown promise in the brain imaging of stroke, aging,
+[<sup>18</sup>F]-BCPP-EF has shown promise in the brain imaging of stroke, ageing,
and dementia (<a href=
"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801415-8.00020-5">Tsukada et al., 2014a</a>;
<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-013-2628-z">Tsukada et al., 2014b</a>;
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ developed to be used as myocardial perfusion tracer (<a href=
<p><em>Rhodamines</em> are lipophilic cations, known to accumulate in
the mitochondria in proportion to mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP,
ΔΨm).
-Several <sup>18</sup>F- and <sup>64</sup>Cu-labelled rhodamine derivates have
+Several <sup>18</sup>F- and <sup>64</sup>Cu-labelled rhodamine derivatives have
been synthesized, but the aim has been to study myocardial perfusion, and not
the membrane potential (<a href=
"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.07.006">Bartholomä et al., 2013</a>;
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ low levels in the brain and liver.
In the brain parenchyma TSPO is located in glial cells, and has thus been used
as a biomarker of activated glial cells. It can also be found in other
inflammatory cells. Generally, TSPO imaging might have potential in
-studying the concnetration of viable mitochondria in tissues.</p>
+studying the concentration of viable mitochondria in tissues.</p>
diff --git a/content/model_autoradiography.html b/content/model_autoradiography.html
index 08ce6134..3ee59a1f 100644
--- a/content/model_autoradiography.html
+++ b/content/model_autoradiography.html
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ and 360 s (low perfusion) integration times. Partition coefficient p=0.8.
<li>Arterial <a href="./input_sampling.html">blood sampling</a>, preferably
with <a href="./input_abss.html">on-line sampler</a></li>
<li>Static imaging starting when PET
- <a href="./pet_countrate.html">countrate</a> starts to increase, or
+ <a href="./pet_countrate.html">count rate</a> starts to increase, or
dynamic scanning; scan length must be relatively short when high
perfusion values are to be measured (for example 90 s for the brain)
and longer for low perfusion values (for example 360 s for resting
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ are stored in a "look-up table".</p>
<br>
<strong>Figure 3.</strong>
ARG look-up tables computed from measured arterial blood
-<a href="./input_function.html">input function</a> witha range of high and low perfusion values.
+<a href="./input_function.html">input function</a> with a range of high and low perfusion values.
</div>
<p>Example of look-up table file:</p>
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ to 5000 but, if maximal blood flow was not set to too high value, 2000 gives an
eligible flow map, and is faster to compute.</p>
<p><em>Perfusion studies with count-based scan start:</em>
-PET scanning may be started automatically when the countrate starts to rise.
+PET scanning may be started automatically when the count rate starts to rise.
After <a href="./delaytime.html">delay correction</a>, blood curve starts
at the same time.
Thus, the integration time for look-up table and for image (next step) is
diff --git a/content/model_cardiac_pvc.html b/content/model_cardiac_pvc.html
index df08408e..0724d6dd 100644
--- a/content/model_cardiac_pvc.html
+++ b/content/model_cardiac_pvc.html
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ simframe -sec temp.tac frames.dat mbfsim.tac
<p>Simple dynamic 2D PET image (100 × 100 pixels), representing
myocardial left ventriculum (LV), is then simulated with
-50 mm LV cavity diameter, 10 mm myocardial thinkness, and
+50 mm LV cavity diameter, 10 mm myocardial thickness, and
1×1 mm image pixel size, assuming no movement and resolution effects,
and no radioactivity around the LV:</p>
diff --git a/content/model_compartmental.html b/content/model_compartmental.html
index 7d8ed627..c00721da 100644
--- a/content/model_compartmental.html
+++ b/content/model_compartmental.html
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ and the amount of tracer in the originating compartment.
<p><em>K<sub>1</sub></em> includes a perfusion-dependent component, which is
indicated by using capital letter. <em>K<sub>1</sub></em> has units of
-milliliter plasma (or blood) per minute per milliliter tissue
+millilitre plasma (or blood) per minute per millilitre tissue
(mL min<sup>-1</sup>mL<sup>-1</sup>), whereas
<em>k<sub>2</sub></em>, <em>k<sub>3</sub></em>, ... have unit per minute
(min<sup>-1</sup>), indicating the fraction of mass transferred per unit time.
diff --git a/content/model_compartmental_fitting.html b/content/model_compartmental_fitting.html
index b99aa523..ef4c7ac9 100644
--- a/content/model_compartmental_fitting.html
+++ b/content/model_compartmental_fitting.html
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ although they take much more computation time.</p>
<p>If no constraints are imposed on the parameters, the minimum could
correspond to a physically unrealizable set of parameters.
-At least negative parameter values would be nonphysiological and should be
+At least negative parameter values would be non-physiological and should be
ruled out.</p>
diff --git a/content/model_factor_analysis.html b/content/model_factor_analysis.html
index 24f45041..9c88e0f0 100644
--- a/content/model_factor_analysis.html
+++ b/content/model_factor_analysis.html
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ tags:
<p>Intrinsic <a href="./model_heterogeneity.html">tissue heterogeneity</a> and
<a href="./image_pve.html">partial volume effect</a> lead to image voxel
time-activity curves that are a mixture of time-activity curves of pure
-homogenous regions of tissue and blood.
+homogeneous regions of tissue and blood.
Factor analysis of dynamic data is a mathematical technique that aims to
automatically resolve the true time-activity curves (Di Paola et al., 1982;
Geckle and Szabo, 1992), helping in tissue segmentation, spill-over correction
diff --git a/content/model_function_fitting.html b/content/model_function_fitting.html
index 0887d879..3412ad69 100644
--- a/content/model_function_fitting.html
+++ b/content/model_function_fitting.html
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ tags:
<h1>Fitting function to TAC</h1>
-<h2>Example: fitting farmacokinetic one-compartment model</h2>
+<h2>Example: fitting pharmacokinetic one-compartment model</h2>
<p><img width="326" height="132"
alt="Farmacokinetic one-compartment model" src="./pic/pk_1cm_smaller.png"
diff --git a/content/model_heterogeneity.html b/content/model_heterogeneity.html
index 2333d4b6..d11782b3 100644
--- a/content/model_heterogeneity.html
+++ b/content/model_heterogeneity.html
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ and physiological studies of <a href="./organ_muscle.html">skeletal muscle</a>
<h2>Analysis of heterogeneous data</h2>
-<p>Methods based on assumption of homogenous tissue may lead to over- or
+<p>Methods based on assumption of homogeneous tissue may lead to over- or
underestimation of model parameters.
<a href="./model_compartmental.html">Compartmental model</a> results
(even <a href="./modelling_workable.html#macroparameter">macroparameters</a>)
diff --git a/content/model_logan_plasma.html b/content/model_logan_plasma.html
index 88223ffb..65cbaa82 100644
--- a/content/model_logan_plasma.html
+++ b/content/model_logan_plasma.html
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ then be run with (at least) the following command-line parameters:</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="./tac_regional.html">regional tissue TAC file</a></li>
- <li>filename of <a href="./input_plasma.html">(metabolite corrected) plasma
+ <li>file name of <a href="./input_plasma.html">(metabolite corrected) plasma
TAC</a></li>
<li>start time for the line fit (time where linear phase starts)</li>
<li>end time for the line fit (time where linear phase ends, or end time of study)
diff --git a/content/model_logan_ref.html b/content/model_logan_ref.html
index 6f6ebeb0..0a73b3cd 100644
--- a/content/model_logan_ref.html
+++ b/content/model_logan_ref.html
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ then be run with (at least) the following command-line parameters:</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="./tac_regional.html">regional tissue TAC file</a></li>
- <li>name of reference region inside the previous file, or, filename of TAC file
+ <li>name of reference region inside the previous file, or, file name of TAC file
which contains only the reference region TAC</li>
<li>start time for the line fit (time where linear phase starts)</li>
<li>end time for the line fit (time where linear phase ends, or end time of
diff --git a/content/model_mmv.html b/content/model_mmv.html
index 26d2e8e9..8c065da5 100644
--- a/content/model_mmv.html
+++ b/content/model_mmv.html
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ if FDG uptake (<a href="./model_suv.html">SUV</a>)
was higher than the median tumour FDG uptake, and perfusion was smaller than
the median perfusion, the the voxel was classified as mismatched.
Absolute mismatch volume was defined as the volume of all mismatched voxels
-in milliliters, and the relative mismatch volume as the ratio of <em>aMMV</em>
+in millilitres, and the relative mismatch volume as the ratio of <em>aMMV</em>
to the metabolically active tumour volume (MTV).</p>
diff --git a/content/model_radiowater.html b/content/model_radiowater.html
index d1c37631..68028c82 100644
--- a/content/model_radiowater.html
+++ b/content/model_radiowater.html
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ is the <a href="./blood_volume.html">arterial volume fraction in tissue</a>:
</div>
<p>Radioactivity concentration in the venous blood is, by definition, the same
-as in the tissue (or to be precice, <em>C<sub>T</sub>/p</em>), and venous blood
+as in the tissue (or to be precise, <em>C<sub>T</sub>/p</em>), and venous blood
volume thus does not need to be included in the formula.
In practise, tissue volume may contain veins coming from other tissues or tissue
vasculature where no or less substrate exchange takes place,
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ and that it is uniform in all regions of interest.
Dynamic method also avoids the tendency to underestimate the blood flow in
the presence of flow heterogeneity within a ROI or pixel (Wells et al 2003).
Therefore, if precise quantitation is required or partition coefficient is of
-interest, then dynamic PET imaging and kinetic modeling is recommended.</p>
+interest, then dynamic PET imaging and kinetic modelling is recommended.</p>
<p>Quantitative perfusion estimation requires frequent
<a href="./input_sampling.html">arterial blood sampling</a>.
diff --git a/content/model_reference_tissue.html b/content/model_reference_tissue.html
index fc800066..d1292ef8 100644
--- a/content/model_reference_tissue.html
+++ b/content/model_reference_tissue.html
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ tags:
</ul>
<p>Reference tissue can be used as a substitute of arterial plasma curve as
-<a href="./input_function.html">input function</a> in quantitive analysis of
+<a href="./input_function.html">input function</a> in quantitative analysis of
PET studies.
<em>Ex vivo</em> studies are needed to validate that reference tissue
has no specific binding of the ligand.</p>
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ to quantify brain receptors using muscle as reference region
<table style="width: 80%; margin-left: 10%; border: 0px"><tr>
<td><img src="./pic/neck.png" width="200" height="190" alt="Tumour" /></td>
<td style="width: 60%; text-align: left;">
-In oncology, the concentration in tumor is frequently divided by concentration
+In oncology, the concentration in tumour is frequently divided by concentration
in normal tissue, which often is muscle. This mimics visual analysis, but gives
a numerical value to the target-to-background difference.<br />
Problem is that radioligand uptake in muscle may multiply if patient is nervous
diff --git a/content/model_suv.html b/content/model_suv.html
index f6bbc6e5..08e6c93c 100644
--- a/content/model_suv.html
+++ b/content/model_suv.html
@@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ FDG uptake, resembling Alzheimer disease -like patterns in the brain
(Ishibashi et al., 2015).
</p>
-<p>Cancer treatment responce is usually assessed with FDG PET by calculating the
+<p>Cancer treatment response is usually assessed with FDG PET by calculating the
<em>SUV</em> on the highest image pixel in the tumour regions
-(<em>SUV<sub>max</sub></em>), because this provides lower interobserver
+(<em>SUV<sub>max</sub></em>), because this provides lower inter-observer
variability than averaged SUV (<em>SUV<sub>mean</sub></em>). Alternatively,
tumour volume can be estimated using threshold or region growing techniques,
and average <em>SUV</em> inside the region is reported as such or multiplied by
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ the maximal VOI average, avoids the noise-induced bias of
<em>SUV<sub>max</sub></em>, but is less sensitive to image characteristics
(Lodge et al, 2012). Combination of <em>SUV<sub>max</sub></em> and
<em>SUV<sub>peak</sub></em> (Lasnon et al., 2013) should become the standard
-approach in multicentre FDG PET/CT studies (Boellaard, 2013).</p>
+approach in multi-centre FDG PET/CT studies (Boellaard, 2013).</p>
<h2>SUV drawbacks</h2>
@@ -119,9 +119,9 @@ sampling are not necessary.</p>
patient population, they may provide even opposite conclusions regarding the
progression of disease (Freedman et al., 2003). Image noise, poor resolution
and ROI definition affect the <em>SUV</em> and may hamper their use, especially
-in multicentre trials (Boellaard et al., 2004).</p>
+in multi-centre trials (Boellaard et al., 2004).</p>
-<p>In oncological (multicentre) studies variance in <em>SUV</em> may be reduced
+<p>In oncological (multi-centre) studies variance in <em>SUV</em> may be reduced
by dividing tumor <em>SUV<sub>max</sub></em> or <em>SUV<sub>peak</sub></em> by
<em>SUV</em> in liver. Any calibration problems cancel out in this method, which
essentially is the same as <a href="./model_ref_ratio.html">tissue-to-reference
diff --git a/content/modelling_intro.html b/content/modelling_intro.html
index 71875fb6..0c3e0932 100644
--- a/content/modelling_intro.html
+++ b/content/modelling_intro.html
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ tags:
- Modeling
---
-<h1>Introduction to modeling</h1>
+<h1>Introduction to modelling</h1>
<h2>Model</h2>
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ the system actually responds in experiments as predicted by the model.</p>
<p>Role of modelling and simulation in scientific method (Phair, 1997):</p>
-<p><img width="619" height="308" alt="Role of modeling in scientific method"
+<p><img width="619" height="308" alt="Role of modelling in scientific method"
src="./pic/role_of_modeling_smaller.png" border="0" />
</p>
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ src="./pic/role_of_modeling_smaller.png" border="0" />
in terms of mathematical representations.</p>
-<h2>Steps in PET modeling</h2>
+<h2>Steps in PET modelling</h2>
-<p><img width="275" height="227" alt="Steps of modeling"
+<p><img width="275" height="227" alt="Steps of modelling"
src="./pic/modeling_steps_smaller.png" border="0" />
Huang & Phelps, 1986.
</p>
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Huang & Phelps, 1986.
<h2>See also:</h2>
<ul>
- <li><a href="./modelling_why.html">Why modeling?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="./modelling_why.html">Why modelling?</a></li>
<li><a href="./pet_data.html">PET data</a></li>
<li><a href="./model_compartmental.html">Compartmental model</a></li>
<li><a href="./model_dynamic_processes.html">Dynamic processes in vivo</a></li>
diff --git a/content/modelling_literature.html b/content/modelling_literature.html
index d37c90be..60408681 100644
--- a/content/modelling_literature.html
+++ b/content/modelling_literature.html
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ tags:
- Modeling
---
-<h1>Modeling literature</h1>
+<h1>Modelling literature</h1>
<p>Researchers in Turku PET Centre: ask
<a href="http://users.utu.fi/vesoik/">Vesa Oikonen</a> where to find these.</p>
-<h2>Introduction to PET modeling</h2>
+<h2>Introduction to PET modelling</h2>
<h3>Easy reading</h3>
diff --git a/content/modelling_software.html b/content/modelling_software.html
index b4ab7101..b96aaec5 100644
--- a/content/modelling_software.html
+++ b/content/modelling_software.html
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ tags:
- Software
---
-<h1>Modeling software</h1>
+<h1>Modelling software</h1>
<h2>AMIDE</h2>
diff --git a/content/modelling_tracer_selection.html b/content/modelling_tracer_selection.html
index 4cbed91b..0e457e59 100644
--- a/content/modelling_tracer_selection.html
+++ b/content/modelling_tracer_selection.html
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ part of validation of every receptor ligand (Madsen et al., 2011).</p>
<h2><a name="timewindow" title="timewindow">Time window of PET</a></h2>
<p>Turnover time of the tracer in tissue must be within the time window of the
-PET technique and the radioactivity decay time of the labeling isotope.</p>
+PET technique and the radioactivity decay time of the labelling isotope.</p>
<p>PET has high sensitivity to noise, which means a relatively long collection
time for each scan (frame). This limits the temporal sampling frequency of the
diff --git a/content/modelling_validation.html b/content/modelling_validation.html
index bcb70dbc..dfeec9d6 100644
--- a/content/modelling_validation.html
+++ b/content/modelling_validation.html
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ recommended.</p>
consistent with the experimental tracer kinetic data. Inconsistent models are
rejected; usually, the kinetic and biochemical information gained in the
validation studies is useful for reformulating the model.
-Mismatches are revealed by the existence of nonrandom residuals;
+Mismatches are revealed by the existence of non-random residuals;
the difference between the experimental data and the response function
<a href="./model_compartmental_fitting.html">fitted</a> to the data has some
time-dependent pattern (Motulsky and Ransnas, 1987).</p>
diff --git a/content/modelling_workable.html b/content/modelling_workable.html
index 2f25564c..778d3510 100644
--- a/content/modelling_workable.html
+++ b/content/modelling_workable.html
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ phosphorylated FDG in the brain region.</p>
<h2>Constraining parameters</h2>
<p>Another approach to reduce the complexity of a model and to resolve the
-nonuniqueness problem is to assign parameter to a known or fixed value.</p>
+non-uniqueness problem is to assign parameter to a known or fixed value.</p>
<p>Although the mathematical complexity of the model solution is not reduced,
the parameter estimation problem is improved.
diff --git a/content/mri.html b/content/mri.html
index 957bff6f..0e2f7e0e 100644
--- a/content/mri.html
+++ b/content/mri.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ it is strictly forbidden to take or send image outside the hospital.</p>
<p>DICOM format can be converted into other image formats using
ImageConverter (consult Timo Laitinen), or Vinci.</p>
-<h3>MRI-PET coregistration</h3>
+<h3>MRI-PET co-registration</h3>
<p>For an Analyze 7.5 MRI image the coregistration to an Analyze 7.5 PET image
can be done with
diff --git a/content/o2_metabolite_correction.html b/content/o2_metabolite_correction.html
index 4e5ac2a1..1c4c013f 100644
--- a/content/o2_metabolite_correction.html
+++ b/content/o2_metabolite_correction.html
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ then be calculated by simply subtraction:</p>
</div>
<p>However, in practise only few arterial plasma samples can be measured.
-Therefore, further input modeling steps are needed to produce continuous and
+Therefore, further input modelling steps are needed to produce continuous and
reliable input TACs for calculation of oxygen consumption.
A compartmental model by Huang et al. (1991) describes the kinetics of
converting blood [<sup>15</sup>O]O<sub>2</sub> curve to plasma
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ median, but the value is dependent on the sample collection protocol.
In a group of healthy young men (Kaisti et al., 2003) the mean parameters were
<em>k<sub>1</sub></em>=0.00127±0.00027 s<sup>-1</sup>, and
<em>k<sub>1</sub>+k<sub>3</sub></em>=0.0035±0.0012 s<sup>-1</sup>.
-The rate constants during anesthesia (Kaisti et al., 2003) were
+The rate constants during anaesthesia (Kaisti et al., 2003) were
slightly lower.
</p>
diff --git a/content/o2_myoglobin.html b/content/o2_myoglobin.html
index 3462f60d..3f5b8654 100644
--- a/content/o2_myoglobin.html
+++ b/content/o2_myoglobin.html
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ tags:
<a href="./organ_muscle.html">skeletal muscle</a>.
About 10% of the iron in the body is bound to myoglobin.
It has a higher affinity for oxygen than <a href="./input_rbc.html">red blood
-cell</a> hemoglobin; as a monomer it has only one haem, while tetrameric
-hemoglobin has four haem groups.
-Myoglobin has a hyperbolic oxygen-binding curve, while hemoglobin, due to the
-cooperativity of oxygen binding, has sigmoidal oxygen-binding curve.
+cell</a> haemoglobin; as a monomer it has only one haem, while tetrameric
+haemoglobin has four haem groups.
+Myoglobin has a hyperbolic oxygen-binding curve, while haemoglobin, due to the
+co-operativity of oxygen binding, has sigmoidal oxygen-binding curve.
</p>
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ in working muscle.
<h3>Carbon monoxide</h3>
<p>Carbon monoxide (CO) binds about 250-fold more tightly than O<sub>2</sub>
-to myoglobin and hemoglobin.
+to myoglobin and haemoglobin.
</p>
diff --git a/content/optimization_pso.html b/content/optimization_pso.html
index 403e3019..daafa2d5 100644
--- a/content/optimization_pso.html
+++ b/content/optimization_pso.html
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ set values that enable the stochastic search.
Acceleration coefficients <em>c<sub>1</sub></em> and <em>c<sub>2</sub></em>
regulate the velocities of the particle, considering the previous best position
of the individual particle and other particles of the swarm.
-Coefficient <em>w</em> (intertia weight) controls the local and global
+Coefficient <em>w</em> (inertia weight) controls the local and global
exploration degree of the search; high value of <em>w</em> enables better global
exploration, while small <em>w</em> allows the search of local optimum.
Iterations (movement of each particle) are carried on until until progress is
diff --git a/content/organ_adrenal_gland.html b/content/organ_adrenal_gland.html
index d455432b..c71c18ed 100644
--- a/content/organ_adrenal_gland.html
+++ b/content/organ_adrenal_gland.html
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ adrenal origin.</p>
<p>Accessory adrenal tissue is sometimes found in the abdominal cavity, or even
-fused with other organs. These glands seldomly contain medulla.
+fused with other organs. These glands seldom contain medulla.
</p>
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ such as <a href="./analysis_11c-mto.html">[<sup>11</sup>C]metomidate</a>.
<h3>Pheochromocytomas</h3>
-<p>Pheochromocytomas are very rare tumors, arising from the medulla.
+<p>Pheochromocytomas are very rare tumours, arising from the medulla.
Tumours are usually found inside the adrenal glands (intra-adrenal paragangliomas),
but sometimes also elsewhere (extra-adrenal paraganglioma).
Adrenal medulla synthesizes <a href="./target_dopamine.html">dopamine.</a>
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ and <a href="./analysis_11c-hed.html">[<sup>11</sup>C]HED</a> (Sundin, 2016).
-<h2>Caveates</h2>
+<h2>Caveats</h2>
<p>Intravenous administration of PET tracer requires the puncture of blood vessel,
which sometimes induces a vasovagal reaction (VVR).
diff --git a/content/organ_bat.html b/content/organ_bat.html
index 8330b76f..5e7c7c00 100644
--- a/content/organ_bat.html
+++ b/content/organ_bat.html
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ innervation, required for its thermogenetic function and control by
<a href="./target_adrenergic_system.html#sympathetic">sympathetic
nervous system</a>.
Brown adipocytes contain numerous large <a href="./mitochondria.html">mitochondria</a>,
-surrounded by small lidip droplets.
+surrounded by small lipid droplets.
Cold environment sensed in the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system.
Sympathetic nerve terminals release norepinephrine (NE), which
binds to the β<sub>3</sub>-adrenergic receptors on BAT cells, and start
-a signaling cascade that leads to the hydrolysis of intracellular triglycerides.
+a signalling cascade that leads to the hydrolysis of intracellular triglycerides.
Released <a href="./target_fatty-acid.html">free fatty acids</a> activate the uncoupling
protein 1 (UCP1) in the mitochondrial inner membrane; UCP1 increases the permeability
of the inner membrane to protons, thus uncoupling the ATP synthesis from substrate
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Additionally, detection of BAT or BeAT with [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG PET is
more difficult in obese individuals than in lean ones, because BAT is often
metabolically inactive in obese subjects.
Biopsies have confirmed that BAT or BaAT is present in all adults, and only its
-metabolical activity (not necessarily thermogenesis) and abundance determines
+metabolic activity (not necessarily thermogenesis) and abundance determines
whether it is detected with [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG PET.
</p>
diff --git a/content/organ_bone.html b/content/organ_bone.html
index 3d2fb4f1..cd649566 100644
--- a/content/organ_bone.html
+++ b/content/organ_bone.html
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ The extracellular matrix consists of hydroxyapatites and collagen.</p>
system), regulating bone mineralization and resorption.</p>
<p>Bones that are united by joints are covered with (articular) cartilage that
-contains <em>chondrocytes</em>. Normally condrocytes maintain the cartilage
+contains <em>chondrocytes</em>. Normally chondrocytes maintain the cartilage
by ECM remodelling.
In <a href="./dis_arthritis.html">arthritis</a> the osteoclasts and chondrocytes
disintergate the ECM.
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ Regulated MAT (rMAT) is dispersed within hematopoietic cells
while the consitutive MAT (cMAT) is mainly located in more distant areas
(<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2016.03.001">Suchacki et al., 2016</a>).
Fatty acids are mainly unsaturated in cMAT, and saturated in rMAT.
-MAT has endocrine functions, secreting at least adiponecting and leptin,
-and it also may have regulative role in bone remodeling.
+MAT has endocrine functions, secreting at least adiponectin and leptin,
+and it also may have regulative role in bone remodelling.
MAT mass is affected by temperature, and it increases in caloric restriction
(although WAT decreases), osteoporosis and type 1 diabetes, generally showing
negative correlation with bone density
diff --git a/content/organ_brain.html b/content/organ_brain.html
index c72918a9..6c6a1a6b 100644
--- a/content/organ_brain.html
+++ b/content/organ_brain.html
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ Brainstem consists of the <em>midbrain</em>, <em>pons</em>, and medulla.
</p>
<p>CNS is covered by three membranes (meninges): <em>pia mater</em>, <em>arachnoid mater</em>,
-and the outer tough membare <em>dura mater</em>.
+and the outer tough membrane <em>dura mater</em>.
The <a href="./extracellular_matrix.html#bm">basement membrane</a> of pia mater
is attached to <em>glia limitans</em>, the outermost membrane of the cerebral cortex.
-The cortex (gray matter) of cerebrum and cerebellum contains the neuronal synapses,
-and the subcortical regions (white matter) contains myolinated axons of the neurons.
+The cortex (grey matter) of cerebrum and cerebellum contains the neuronal synapses,
+and the subcortical regions (white matter) contains myelinated axons of the neurons.
The cerebral cortex is about 2-4 mm thick, while cortex of cerebellum is thinner.
</p>
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ central canal of the <a href="./organ_spinal_cord.html">spinal cord</a>.
Ventricles and the central canal of spinal cord are lined with specialized epithelium,
<em>ependyma</em> with relatively loose junctions.
Specialized sections of ventricular walls (choroid plexus) produce the CSF, and
-have rich vasculature, with tight capillary wall juctions like the rest of the brain,
+have rich vasculature, with tight capillary wall junctions like the rest of the brain,
(<a href="./blood_brain_barrier.html">blood brain barrier</a>).
CSF is eliminated via the arachnoid granulations (villi) in the arachnoid mater into the
venous blood.
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ using [1-<sup>11</sup>C]AA, and used as an index of
<p>Microglial cells make up the innate immune system of the CNS.
Astrocytes (astroglia) are the most abundant cell type in the brain, supporting
the neurons and <a href="./blood_brain_barrier.html">blood brain barrier (BBB)</a>.
-Glial cells responce to traumatic brain injury (TBI) or infection by releasing
+Glial cells response to traumatic brain injury (TBI) or infection by releasing
cytokines and chemokines, promoting inflammation and recruiting more microglia.
Sustained neuroinflammation may compromise the BBB, and attract also peripheral
immune cells to the site of injury, contributing to neurodegeneration .
diff --git a/content/organ_heart.html b/content/organ_heart.html
index 94a44650..93bb0c5d 100644
--- a/content/organ_heart.html
+++ b/content/organ_heart.html
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ tags:
<p>As part of the <a href="./vascular_system.html">circulatory system</a>,
the heart consists of four chambers: Venous blood returning from the body
-flows into the right atrium (RA) through the superiour and inferior vena cava
+flows into the right atrium (RA) through the superior and inferior vena cava
(from the upper and lower part of the body, respectively),
and then passes to the right ventricle (RV), which pumps the blood into the
<a href="./organ_lung.html">lung</a>. From lung the blood returns to the
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ thus about 35-55 mL blood remains in the LV (end systolic volume, ESV).
<em>Ejection fraction</em> (EF) is defined as EF=SV/EDV, and is usually
about 0.6-0.7. RV volumes are similar than these LV volumes.
Cardiac output (CO) is SV × heart rate (HR), about 4-8 L/min at rest,
-and upto 30 L/min during exercise.
+and up to 30 L/min during exercise.
Cardiac index (CI) relates CO to body surface area (BSA): CI=CO/BSA;
CI at rest is normally 2.6-4.2 L/(min×m<sup>2</sup>).
</p>
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ systemic hypertension, aortic valve stenosis, and chronic heart failure.
<h3>Metabolism</h3>
-<p>Myocardial muscle cells have high oxidative capasity, with oxygen extraction
+<p>Myocardial muscle cells have high oxidative capacity, with oxygen extraction
fraction (OEF) of about 0.75 already at rest.
<a href="./mitochondria.html">Mitochondria</a> take up about
20-30% of the cell volume.
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ a critical role in the early atherosclerosis, and its progression to infarction
(<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.750">Teague et al., 2017</a>).
The lipid core of the plaque is covered by
<a href="./extracellular_matrix.html">matrix</a> proteins, but if the
-cap is degraded (ruptured), the lipids and apoptic cells are exposed to the
+cap is degraded (ruptured), the lipids and apoptotic cells are exposed to the
immune system, leading to thrombosis.
Narrowing of the arteries leads to gradually reduced blood flow and ischemia.
Necrotic or ischemic myocytes can be replaced by connective tissue
diff --git a/content/organ_kidney.html b/content/organ_kidney.html
index f231d662..648dc84a 100644
--- a/content/organ_kidney.html
+++ b/content/organ_kidney.html
@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@ the nephrons per unit time. In humans the total glomerular
capillary surface area is ∼ 1 m<sup>2</sup>. High capillary pressure and
hydraulic permeability of the glomerular capillary wall contribute to the high
GFR, ∼ 125 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>.
-GFR is usually indexed to body surface area (BSA) to allow interindividual
+GFR is usually indexed to body surface area (BSA) to allow inter-individual
comparisons.
</p>
<p>Glomerular filtration rate is considered the best overall index of
kidney function, but its measurement is not simple. It can be measured (mGFR)
indirectly as the clearance of administered (bolus infusion) filtration markers,
-or estimated (eGFR) from serum levels of endogenous fitration markers.
+or estimated (eGFR) from serum levels of endogenous filtration markers.
Endogenous filtration markers are substances that body produces at a relatively
constant rate, such as creatinine, urea, and cystatin C.
Exogenous filtration markers are substances with relatively low molecular weight
diff --git a/content/organ_liver.html b/content/organ_liver.html
index 56868ce7..e2d0b654 100644
--- a/content/organ_liver.html
+++ b/content/organ_liver.html
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ this blood from liver in 90 s leading to noticeable shrinkage of
the liver and reduced blood flow.
Since all the blood from the abdominal visceral organs and gastrointestinal
tract is drained via the portal vein, the hormones released by these organs,
-such as insulin or glucagon (vasodilatation) from
+such as insulin or glucagon (vasodilation) from
<a href="./organ_pancreas.html">the pancreas</a>
can directly affect the metabolism of the liver.</p>
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ be different in arterial blood and portal vein.</p>
<p>Since the tracer concentration in hepatic aorta is the same as in any
artery, it can be measured <a href="./input_sampling.html">as usual</a>,
-but concentration in portal vein cannot be sampled non-invasively, and not at
+but concentration in portal vein cannot be sampled noninvasively, and not at
all in human studies. Small size and respiratory movement prevent retrieving
portal vein concentration from the dynamic PET image.</p>
<p>In animal studies samples can be taken also from the portal vein.
Blood flow (<em>mL/min</em>) in hepatic aorta (<em>f<sub>HA</sub></em>) and
-portal vein (<em>f<sub>PV</sub></em>) can be measured non-invasively
+portal vein (<em>f<sub>PV</sub></em>) can be measured noninvasively
(although not very precisely) using Doppler ultrasound method. Dual input
function for liver can then be <a href=
"./tpcclib/doc/liverinp.html">calculated as blood
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ perfusion in the liver (Chen et al., 1991); arterial perfusion in dogs was
in most tissues because [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG-6-phosphate can not be metabolized
further (or metabolism is relatively slow) and is trapped inside the cells,
making [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG an optimal tracer for studying glucose metabolism.
-One of the main tasks of liver is to maintain glucose homeostatis by
+One of the main tasks of liver is to maintain glucose homeostasis by
also releasing glucose to the blood stream, and therefore liver cells contain
glucose-6-phosphatase (van Schaftingen and Gerin, 2002), which readily
dephosphorylates [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG-6-phosphate.
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ gallbladder contraction pushes the bile acids into the small intestine.
Secondary bile acids are formed from primary bile acids by gut bacteria.
Over 90% of bile acids are absorbed in the intestine, mostly by active transport
in the distal small intestine (ileum). About 2-4 g of bile acids are cycling
-through the enterohepatic circulation, so that upto 30 g are excreted and
+through the enterohepatic circulation, so that up to 30 g are excreted and
reabsorbed each day. In humans, Na<sup>+</sup>-taurocholate co-transporting
polypeptide (NTCP, SLC10A1) and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs)
transport bile acids from portal blood into hepatocytes.
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ Apical Na-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT, SLC10A2) transports bile
acids into enterocytes in the distal ileum. From enterocytes the bile acids
are effluxed into portal blood by organic solute transporters (OSTs) and MRP3
(ABCC3).
-Most of sulfate conjugates stay as conjugates and are not reabsorbed.
+Most of sulphate conjugates stay as conjugates and are not reabsorbed.
</p>
<p>[<em>N</em>-methyl-<sup>11</sup>C]cholylsarcosine ([<sup>11</sup>C]MGCA,
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ using intravenously administered [<sup>11</sup>C]NaHCO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p>Liver is an important organ for the metabolism and elimination of drugs,
including PET radioligands. The activity of the SLC and ABC transporters at the
-sinudoidal (basolateral) and canalicular membranes of hepatocytes determine
+sinusoidal (basolateral) and canalicular membranes of hepatocytes determine
the uptake of drugs into hepatocytes and the excretion of the drugs or their
metabolites into bile or back to blood.</p>
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ Takashima et al (2010, 2011, 2012) and Shingaki et al (2013) estimated clearance
rate from blood to liver or kidneys using "integration plot method", similar to
<a href="./model_mtga.html#patlak">Patlak plot</a> except that total tissue
radioactivity is used instead of concentration; linear fit was obtained from
-data collected during the first minute after injection; canaculiar efflux
+data collected during the first minute after injection; canalicular efflux
clearance was estimated from the slope of plot of total tissue radioactivity
vs AUC of the TAC of liver, between about 2 and 7 min after injection
(Shingaki et al., 2013).
diff --git a/content/organ_lung.html b/content/organ_lung.html
index fc02d68b..cbcdc2f1 100644
--- a/content/organ_lung.html
+++ b/content/organ_lung.html
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ or alveolar pressure is increased.
<p>At rest, lungs provide about 1 L O<sub>2</sub> per min to the tissues via
the <a href="./vascular_system.html">vascular system</a>, of which only about
1/4 is used. O<sub>2</sub> is poorly soluble in water, and therefore about 98%
-of oxygen is transported as bound to hemoglobin in <a href="./input_rbc.html"
+of oxygen is transported as bound to haemoglobin in <a href="./input_rbc.html"
>red blood cells</a>.
</p>
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ of oxygen is transported as bound to hemoglobin in <a href="./input_rbc.html"
<p>CO<sub>2</sub> is soluble in water, and about 7% of it in the blood is
directly dissolved in the water, 70% is dissolved in water as bicarbonate ion,
HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>,
-and the rest is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
+and the rest is bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells.
</p>
<h2>Circulation</h2>
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ and the rest is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
>vascular system</a>. Pulmonary circulation receives all of the cardiac output;
all venous blood is pumped from the right side of the
<a href="./organ_heart.html">heart</a> via pulmonary arteries to the lungs
-for the gas exhange before returning via pulmonary veins into the left side
+for the gas exchange before returning via pulmonary veins into the left side
of the heart.</p>
<p>Endothelial walls are normally tight, but inflammation leads to increased
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ permeability.
<p>Bronchial circulation provides oxygenated blood to the walls of pulmonary
arteries and veins, bronchi and bronchioles, nerves, lymph nodes, and
visceral pleura. It is part of the systemic circulation, but can also
-contribute to the gas exhange when pulmonary circulation is compromised.
+contribute to the gas exchange when pulmonary circulation is compromised.
On the other hand, pulmonary circulation participates in supplying bronchi and
bronchioles with blood flow.
Bronchial blood flow is low, only 1-5% of pulmonary circulation.
diff --git a/content/organ_muscle.html b/content/organ_muscle.html
index f0d5bd69..e2bf6c6e 100644
--- a/content/organ_muscle.html
+++ b/content/organ_muscle.html
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ are highly resistant to fatigue, since they can replenish ATP as it is consumed.
<p>Muscle stem cells (satellite cells) activate in response to muscle injury,
starting to proliferate, differentiate, and then fuse to form new full muscle
cells. Fibroblasts are required in this process.
-Pericytes reside in the microvasclar basement membrane, and participate in
+Pericytes reside in the microvascular basement membrane, and participate in
vascular remodelling and ECM protein production.
Fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) can differentiate into either fibroblasts
or adipocytes, and while FAPs normally assist in muscle tissue regeneration
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ results.</p>
<h3><a name="IIM">Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies</a></h3>
-<p>Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a hetereogeneous group of rare,
+<p>Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a heterogeneous group of rare,
chronic autoimmune diseases. The most common types are dermatomyositis (DM),
polymyositis (PM), necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (NAM), and sporadic inclusion
body myositis (sIBM) (<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffneur.2016.00064"
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ and, with numerous anastomoses, form a mesh of capillary network.
In contracted state of the muscle the tortuosity of capillaries is reduced.
Terminal arterioles with their capillary network form <em>microvascular units</em>.
Capillaries have variable length (0.02-1 mm) and diameter (2-8 µm).
-Also intercapillary red blood cell (RBC) flux and velocity vary over an order of
+Also inter-capillary red blood cell (RBC) flux and velocity vary over an order of
magnitude (Poole et al., 2013).
Venules are located between terminal arterioles. Lymph vessels may follow
either arterioles or venules.
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ this may be considered as <a href="./model_perfusion.html#nonnutritive"
Non-nutritive flow may account for more than over half of the total blood flow
(a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2005.06.001">Zhang et al., 2005</a>;
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.138818">Newman et al., 2007</a>).
-Submaximal exercise and hypoxia can produce a compensatory vasodilation, and
+Sub-maximal exercise and hypoxia can produce a compensatory vasodilation, and
increased blood flow as compared to exercise during normoxic conditions
(Casey and Joyner, 2011). Endothelial cells and <a href="./input_rbc.html">red
blood cells participate in the local control of blood flow
diff --git a/content/organ_spinal_cord.html b/content/organ_spinal_cord.html
index 36d7c5e3..6a041649 100644
--- a/content/organ_spinal_cord.html
+++ b/content/organ_spinal_cord.html
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ has been measured using MRI and Gd-DTPA (Lu et al., 2007),
giving an estimate of 4.3±0.7 mL blood/100 mL tissue
in the central portion of the spinal cord, mostly representing the gray
matter. Høy et al (1994) measured the plasma volume of spinal cord in dogs
-using radiolabeled plasma proteins, and found it to be 0.85 mL plasma/100 g
+using radiolabelled plasma proteins, and found it to be 0.85 mL plasma/100 g
tissue; this would suggest that blood volume would be markedly lower than the
estimate of Lu et al., but it may be explained by higher white matter portion,
and also blood flow measured with microspheres was low,
diff --git a/content/organ_spleen.html b/content/organ_spleen.html
index adf10a73..ecd68d34 100644
--- a/content/organ_spleen.html
+++ b/content/organ_spleen.html
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ of <a href="./organ_pancreas.html">pancreas</a>, and left flexure of colon.
Spleen is surrounded by a capsule of dense connective tissue, with fibroblasts
and collagen covered (reticular fiber) trabeculae extending inwards,
dividing the cortex of the spleen into lymphatic nodules (follicles).
-In lymphatic nodules the brances of the splenic artery are surrounded by
+In lymphatic nodules the branches of the splenic artery are surrounded by
<em>white pulp</em> (about 5-20% of spleen volume), lymphatic tissue composed of
T- and B-lymphocytes and macrophages.
Venous sinuses contain large volumes of blood, and are surrounded by splenic
cords, together called <em>red pulp</em>. Splenic cords are composed of
reticular fibers and <a href="./input_rbc.html#RBC">erythrocytes</a>,
macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granulocytes.
-The size of spleen, mainly red pulp, decreases with aging.
+The size of spleen, mainly red pulp, decreases with ageing.
</p>
<p>Blood flow through the spleen is very high, about 5-10% of the cardiac output
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ originate from the spleen.
<p>Splenosis is a benign condition that often develops after splenic rupture.
Numerous splenic nodules can be formed in the body, usually in the liver and
-gut. These nodules may be few centimeters in size, but they usually possess only
+gut. These nodules may be few centimetres in size, but they usually possess only
the functions of the red pulp.</p>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ with [<sup>18</sup>F]FLT (Leimgruber et al., 2014).
<p>Very high uptake of <a href="./target_somatostatin.html">somatostatin
receptor</a> tracers is often seen in the spleen, which may hamper imaging of
-neuroendocrine tumours, and lead to false positives, espeacially in case of
+neuroendocrine tumours, and lead to false positives, especially in case of
accessory spleen inside or close to other organs.</p>
diff --git a/content/organ_wat.html b/content/organ_wat.html
index a47dffca..af4502e7 100644
--- a/content/organ_wat.html
+++ b/content/organ_wat.html
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Insulin promotes lipid storage, while catecholamines signal adipocytes to releas
<a href="./target_fatty-acid.html">fatty acids</a> for
<a href="./organ_liver.html">liver</a> and <a href="./organ_muscle.html">muscle</a>.
-Lipids are primarily stored in subcutaneus adipose tissue, but also in
+Lipids are primarily stored in subcutaneous adipose tissue, but also in
<em>ectopic</em> fat deposits in visceral tissue (visceral fat),
<a href="./organ_liver.html">liver</a>, <a href="./organ_heart.html">heart</a>, and
<a href="./organ_muscle.html">skeletal muscle</a>, and other organs.
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ adipogenesis and lipid droplet growth.
<a href="./extracellular_matrix.html#fibrosis">Fibrosis</a> is common in adipose tissue
of obese subjects. Obesity leads to reduced capillary density in WAT, which may lead to
<a href="./target_hypoxia.html">hypoxia</a>, which via hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1α
-stimulates inflammation and the synthesis and crosslinking of ECM components.
+stimulates inflammation and the synthesis and cross-linking of ECM components.
</p>
<p>Perfusion in WAT can be measured using <a href="./analysis_h2o_other.html">radiowater
diff --git a/content/pet_countrate.html b/content/pet_countrate.html
index 1ba1b031..ba46e9d9 100644
--- a/content/pet_countrate.html
+++ b/content/pet_countrate.html
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ tags:
- Count
---
-<h1>Countrate data</h1>
+<h1>Count rate data</h1>
<h2>What is count-rate data?</h2>
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ PET scanners and may need to be converted to this format before use.
<h2>Where does CR data come from?</h2>
<p>Count-rate data is (optionally) saved during PET scanning, or can be later
-saved from collected list-mode data. Countrate data files are stored with
+saved from collected list-mode data. Count rate data files are stored with
the images in PETPACS.</p>
<h3>HR+</h3>
diff --git a/content/pet_data.html b/content/pet_data.html
index 8962226e..769615b4 100644
--- a/content/pet_data.html
+++ b/content/pet_data.html
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ From the tissue response to an arterial tracer
<a href="./input_function.html">input function</a>, tracer kinetic
models are developed that relate the kinetics of a tracer in tissue to the
physiological process under study, allow description of the tissue kinetics in
-mathematic terms, and enable an operational equation to be formulated by which
+mathematical terms, and enable an operational equation to be formulated by which
absolute rates of blood flow and metabolism can be calculated.</p>
<p>PET scanner can deliver quantitative <a href="./image_pet.html">images</a>
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ Even if image is not manipulated on purpose, the process of
destroys the precision in the original PET image data.
Concentrations in PET image file are real numbers in real
<a href="./pet_units.html">units</a>, but we have to assign a range of
-concentration values to a certain color to show a color image.
-Different color scales (gray, rainbow, hot metal, ...) can be
+concentration values to a certain colour to show a colour image.
+Different colour scales (grey, rainbow, hot metal, ...) can be
selected, and highest or lowest pixel values can be cut off.</p>
<p>
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ These are <a href="./modelling_tracer_selection.html">properties of the
ligand</a> as well —
how specific the radioligand uptake is to the phenomenon that we want to
measure. For example, in skeletal muscle, low perfusion is limiting the uptake
-of most radioligands, even though our intension is to measure something else
+of most radioligands, even though our intention is to measure something else
than perfusion, like protein synthesis. In the brain, multidrug efflux
transporters may affect ligand brain uptake (<a href=
"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.09.001">Kroll et al., 2014</a>).
diff --git a/content/pet_units.html b/content/pet_units.html
index 0ad2fccd..01be60e3 100644
--- a/content/pet_units.html
+++ b/content/pet_units.html
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ concentration and time units. Units can be viewed with command-line program
or, since TAC files are simple ASCII text files, by opening the file in a
text editor.</p>
-<p>Old TAC files in Turku PET Centre may have filename extension
+<p>Old TAC files in Turku PET Centre may have file name extension
<code>*.roi.kbq</code> or <code>*.roi.nci</code>; then the unit of radioactivity
is kBq/mL or nCi/mL, respectively.</p>
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ in UNIX/Solaris workstations. The data unit can be seen using program imgunit;
if the images need to be calibrated, please contact Vesa Oikonen or
Tuula Tolvanen.</p>
-<p>Old tissue and blood/plasma TAC files may have a filename extension
+<p>Old tissue and blood/plasma TAC files may have a file name extension
<code>*.nci</code> or <code>*.nci.fit</code>.
This means that data are calibrated to unit nCi/mL, and need to be changed to
unit kBq/ml using program nci2kbq. After that, the regional TAC files
diff --git a/content/pk_2cm.html b/content/pk_2cm.html
index 925a2409..60807fe4 100644
--- a/content/pk_2cm.html
+++ b/content/pk_2cm.html
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ tags:
<p>Pharmacokinetic two-compartment model divided the body into <em>central</em>
and <em>peripheral</em> compartment. The central compartment (compartment 1)
consists of the <a href="./input_plasma.html">plasma</a> and tissues where
-the distribution of the drug is practically instantenous.
+the distribution of the drug is practically instantaneous.
The peripheral compartment (compartment 2) consists of tissues where the
distribution of the drug is slower.</p>
diff --git a/content/plasma_protein_binding.html b/content/plasma_protein_binding.html
index 60b11355..95d73a06 100644
--- a/content/plasma_protein_binding.html
+++ b/content/plasma_protein_binding.html
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ because of its abundance (about 60% of total serum protein, with plasma
concentration of about 0.6 mM or 40 g/L), and partly because of its molecular
structure, including hydrophobic binding pockets, enabling it to reversibly bind
various ligands, and some even with high affinity.
-Binding capacity of albumin is considered to be nonsaturable.
+Binding capacity of albumin is considered to be non-saturable.
</p>
<p>Albumin is synthesized by specialized hepatocytes, and its half-life in
diff --git a/content/pretargeted_imaging.html b/content/pretargeted_imaging.html
index 3664af04..88a6d940 100644
--- a/content/pretargeted_imaging.html
+++ b/content/pretargeted_imaging.html
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ tags:
<p>Labeled antibodies and antibody fragments have been developed for PET imaging,
but the target-to-background ratios have often been unsatisfactory.
-In <em>pretargeted imaging</em> an unlabeled immunoconjugate is first
+In <em>pretargeted imaging</em> an unlabelled immunoconjugate is first
administered, and allowed to redistribute in the body until it is either bound
to its specific tissue targets or cleared from the body.
Immunoconjugate has also another binding site, for which a labeled small
diff --git a/content/ra_quantity.html b/content/ra_quantity.html
index 888be49e..1ab82906 100644
--- a/content/ra_quantity.html
+++ b/content/ra_quantity.html
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ comparable Bq values.
<p>Sample size is taken into account in the calibration process at the latest.
The "activities" that we actually are using in PET data analyses are
-concentrations of radioactivity: <em>Bq/mL</em> (milliliter = cubic centimeter)
+concentrations of radioactivity: <em>Bq/mL</em> (millilitre = cubic centimetre)
or <em>Bq/g</em>.
</p>
diff --git a/content/receptor_binding_potential.html b/content/receptor_binding_potential.html
index e6e9666c..02eafd1b 100644
--- a/content/receptor_binding_potential.html
+++ b/content/receptor_binding_potential.html
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Affinity of ligand binding is the inverse of <em>K<sub>D</sub></em>.</p>
>specifically bound ligand to its free concentration.</p>
<p><em>In vivo</em> not all of receptors are available for the radioligand to
-bind because of occupance by endogenous ligands (or drugs in
+bind because of occupancy by endogenous ligands (or drugs in
<a href="./receptor_occupancy.html">receptor occupancy</a> studies).
Therefore, in <em>in vivo</em>
imaging the term <em>B<sub>avail</sub></em> is often used instead of
diff --git a/content/receptor_bmax.html b/content/receptor_bmax.html
index b4917dd5..06d7d4f9 100644
--- a/content/receptor_bmax.html
+++ b/content/receptor_bmax.html
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ as defined by Mintun et al. (1984):
<p><em>In vitro</em> at <a href="./model_tracer.html">tracer doses</a>,
<em>BP</em> equals the ratio of specifically bound ligand to its free
concentration.
-At <em>tracer dose</em>, the amount of injected ligand (labeled and unlabeled)
+At <em>tracer dose</em>, the amount of injected ligand (labeled and unlabelled)
is so low that the number of available receptors is practically unaffected
(<em>B<sub>avail</sub></em> ≈ <em>B<sup></sup><sub>max</sub></em>).
Simplified compartmental models assuming <a href=
diff --git a/content/result_regional.html b/content/result_regional.html
index 5d64839c..73738545 100644
--- a/content/result_regional.html
+++ b/content/result_regional.html
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Turku PET Centre. These can be processed further using specific tools.
insert parameters from one result file into another.
</li>
<li><a href="./tpcclib/doc/pardiff.html">pardiff</a>:
- calculate percentual difference between result parameters in two result
+ calculate percentage difference between result parameters in two result
files (for example <a href="./receptor_occupancy.html">receptor occupancy</a>
or enzyme inhibition).
</li>
diff --git a/content/roi_drawing.html b/content/roi_drawing.html
index 54f6ff26..0c6e4f7a 100644
--- a/content/roi_drawing.html
+++ b/content/roi_drawing.html
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ tags:
(VOIs) is a time-consuming and error-prone task with considerable
inter- and intra-operator variability.
Therefore, we suggest using predefined ROI templates with SPM software
-(consult Jarkko Johansson or brain researchers in TPC).
+(consult Jouni Tuisku or other brain researchers in TPC).
An automated anatomy-based analysis can be performed using standardized ROIs
defined on magnetic resonance (MR) template image representing brain anatomy
in accordance with the Montreal Neurologic Institute (MNI) space database
diff --git a/content/simulation_parameters.html b/content/simulation_parameters.html
index ab0355db..9f36dccf 100644
--- a/content/simulation_parameters.html
+++ b/content/simulation_parameters.html
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ means, because outliers in parameter estimates may lead to biased means.
<a href="./organ_brain.html">brain</a> 76.3-78.5 (mean 77.4),
<a href="./organ_muscle.html">skeletal muscle</a> 68.9-80.3 (mean 79),
<a href="./organ_kidney.html">kidneys</a> 76 (Reference Man);
- adipose tissue 11.4 - 30.5% (Duck 1990) <br>
+ <a href="./organ_wat.html">adipose tissue</a> 11.4 - 30.5% (Duck 1990) <br>
Alternatively, Hald (1946) measured that water content in human plasma is
0.93 ml/ml and in RBC 0.72 ml/ml, then human RBC to plasma water content
ratio is 0.77 ml/ml
diff --git a/content/sinogram_model.html b/content/sinogram_model.html
index a9979000..563a7f97 100644
--- a/content/sinogram_model.html
+++ b/content/sinogram_model.html
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ of their advantages.</p>
plot to produce <i>DV</i> or <i>DVR</i> sinogram</a>
(sensitive to noise, smoothing recommended)</li>
<li>Sum sinogram frames, reconstruct an image, and use it to calculate
- parametric blood flow image using in vivo autoradiograhical methods</li>
+ parametric blood flow image using in vivo autoradiography methods</li>
<li>Use the PatPar program (applying Gjedde-Patlak plot) on SUN workstations
to calculate parametric sinogram, which can
be reconstructed to a <i>K<sub>i</sub></i> image; current version requires
diff --git a/content/specific_activity.html b/content/specific_activity.html
index e99b9e73..769c7329 100644
--- a/content/specific_activity.html
+++ b/content/specific_activity.html
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ tags:
<p>Only few of the <a href="./model_tracer.html">tracer</a> molecules actually
contain radioactive isotope; others contain "cold" isotope.
-Specific activity (<em>SA</em>), or preferrably <em>molar radioactivity</em>
+Specific activity (<em>SA</em>), or preferably <em>molar radioactivity</em>
is the ratio between "hot" and "cold" tracer molecules.</p>
<p><em>SA</em> is always measured; its unit is usually MBq/µmol or
diff --git a/content/sw_install.html b/content/sw_install.html
index 294b5933..80e0f936 100644
--- a/content/sw_install.html
+++ b/content/sw_install.html
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ following instructions below.</p>
<p>If your computer is not in hospital domain, then <a href="./sw_pet.html#tpc"
>download programs</a>, and unzip the <code>.exe</code> files into a folder in
-your computer, preferrably a folder which is dedicated only to TPC software,
+your computer, preferably a folder which is dedicated only to TPC software,
for example <code>C:\Users\myname\bin</code>
If you have 32-bit Windows you must download 32-bit versions of software,
otherwise either 32-bit and 64-bit versions can be used.</p>
diff --git a/content/sw_pet.html b/content/sw_pet.html
index dd313804..9c620ae5 100644
--- a/content/sw_pet.html
+++ b/content/sw_pet.html
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ on their <a href="http://emotion.utu.fi/softwaredata/">web page</a>.
<h2>PET ERP</h2>
<p><a href="http://www.atostek.com/peterp">PET ERP</a> is a management system
-for PET centers, containing PET scheduler, GMP compliant LIMS, stock management,
+for PET centres, containing PET scheduler, GMP compliant LIMS, stock management,
and data management developed by Atostek.</p>
<h2>Licensing</h2>
diff --git a/content/sw_sagemath.html b/content/sw_sagemath.html
index 1b532b75..96ae736b 100644
--- a/content/sw_sagemath.html
+++ b/content/sw_sagemath.html
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ p3.plot()
<p>And you can save the plots in file. Plot file format is determined by the
-extension of the filename. At least PNG, SVG, and PDF formats are supported:</p>
+extension of the file name. At least PNG, SVG, and PDF formats are supported:</p>
<pre>
p1.save('/home/username/data/p1.svg')
diff --git a/content/swdev_linux.html b/content/swdev_linux.html
index 2939bf46..a77b0fe3 100644
--- a/content/swdev_linux.html
+++ b/content/swdev_linux.html
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ tags:
<h1>TPCCLIB development using C in Linux</h1>
<p>This page gives instructions on setting up the necessary tools for compiling
-TPCCLIB in the Ubuntu Linux environment. Compilation works also in other limux
-distributions such as Fedora, but system setup will be different, depending on
+TPCCLIB in the Ubuntu Linux environment. Compilation works also in other Linux
+distributions such as Fedora, but system set-up will be different, depending on
the Linux distribution.
Linux programs can also be compiled and executed in
<a href="./swdev_wsl.html">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a> in Windows 10
diff --git a/content/target_adenosine.html b/content/target_adenosine.html
index fda353a2..1fcc57ed 100644
--- a/content/target_adenosine.html
+++ b/content/target_adenosine.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ the action of neurotransmitters, and affects both neuronal and glial cell functi
It also increases the permeability of the
<a href="./blood_brain_barrier.html">blood-brain barrier</a>.
Outside the brain, adenosine has paracrine function and it attenuates
-inflammation, and induces vasodilatation and
+inflammation, and induces vasodilation and
<a href="./angiogenesis.html">angiogenesis</a> in the cardiovascular system.
Cellular signalling occurs through adenosine receptors (ARs).</p>
</div>
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), either increasing or decreasing
intracellular cAMP levels by affecting adenylate cyclase activity.
A<sub>1</sub> and A<sub>3</sub> receptor subtypes can also stimulate
K<sup>+</sup> channels and inhibit voltage-dependent Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels.
-Like other GPCRs, adenosine receptors have a single popypeptide chain,
+Like other GPCRs, adenosine receptors have a single polypeptide chain,
forming three extracellular and three intracellular loops.
ARs can form oligomers, also with other receptors than just the AR subtypes,
including <a href="./target_p2-receptors.html">purinoceptors (P2)</a>,
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ receptors in the brain.
<a href="./organ_liver.html">liver</a>, <a href="./organ_kidney.html">kidneys</a>,
<a href="./organ_spleen.html">spleen</a>, and thymus.
A<sub>2A</sub>R expression is high in platelets and leukocytes,
-endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle. Expression is stronly upregulated
+endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle. Expression is strongly upregulated
at sites of <a href="./target_inflammation.html">inflammation</a>.
</p>
diff --git a/content/target_adrenergic_system.html b/content/target_adrenergic_system.html
index 2ca6f2b1..0a01c6a9 100644
--- a/content/target_adrenergic_system.html
+++ b/content/target_adrenergic_system.html
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ tags:
<h1>Adrenergic nervous system</h1>
-<p>Adrenergic system is an evolutionarily ancient defense system, which consists of
+<p>Adrenergic system is an evolutionarily ancient defence system, which consists of
the organs and nerves in which catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) or
noradrenaline (norepinephrine) acts as neurotransmitter or neurohormone.
Adrenaline and noradrenaline are released as neurotransmitters from
@@ -77,7 +77,8 @@ favour noradrenaline over adrenaline;
β<sub>2</sub>AR favours adrenaline over noradrenaline; and
α<sub>2</sub>AR and β<sub>1</sub>AR usually favour both equally.
Adrenoceptors located on the catecholaminergic neurons are referred to as
-autoreceptors, and those located on non-adrenergic cells as heteroreceptors.
+<em>autoreceptors</em>, and those located on non-adrenergic cells as
+<em>heteroreceptors</em>.
</p>
<p>ARs can go through homo- and heterodimerization, even with other receptor
diff --git a/content/target_amyloid-beta.html b/content/target_amyloid-beta.html
index e386064f..4d48d9e2 100644
--- a/content/target_amyloid-beta.html
+++ b/content/target_amyloid-beta.html
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ NH<sub>2</sub> terminus of Aβ by β-secretase, and then at the
carboxylic acid terminus by γ-secretase, releasing Aβ from
the rest of the APP into the extracellular space.
Amyloid β does not seem to possess a unique tertiary fold, but when
-abundant, can aggretate into fibrillar β-pleated sheet structure.
+abundant, can aggregate into fibrillar β-pleated sheet structure.
Aβ42 is especially prone to self-aggregation.
Amyloidosis is characterized by extracellular deposits of insoluble amyloid
-fibrils, leading to progressive dysfynction of the affected organ(s).
+fibrils, leading to progressive dysfunction of the affected organ(s).
</p>
<p>The extracellular Aβ aggregates are the main component of senile plaques
diff --git a/content/target_apoptosis.html b/content/target_apoptosis.html
index 4a5cea61..d7bfeea3 100644
--- a/content/target_apoptosis.html
+++ b/content/target_apoptosis.html
@@ -35,15 +35,15 @@ In heathy cells, ATP-dependent aminophospholipid translocase (flippase) keeps PS
on the cytosolic side of the membrane.
In apoptotic cells flippase is less functional, but instead scramblase enhances
the flipping of PS between the both sides of cell membrane. Macrophages identify
-the PS as a signal to start phagocytosis, but simulataneously the secretion of
+the PS as a signal to start phagocytosis, but simultaneously the secretion of
immunosuppressants. Blood platelets can trigger the clot
-formation by esposing PS on their outer surface.
+formation by exposing PS on their outer surface.
</p>
<p>Phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) are an abundant class of phospholipids in
the cell membranes. Like PS, in healthy cells, PE resides predominantly in
the inner leaflet of the cell membrane, but is externalized in dying cells.
-Normally, the external side contains mostly phosphatodylcholine and
+Normally, the external side contains mostly phosphatidylcholine and
sphingomyelin.</p>
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ healthy cells (Höglund et al., 2011;
<p>The collapse of <a href="./mitochondria.html#MMP">mitochondrial membrane
potential</a> plays a key role in apoptosis.
-Voltage-sensitive ratiotracers, such as [<sup>18</sup>F]FBnTP,
+Voltage-sensitive radiotracers, such as [<sup>18</sup>F]FBnTP,
have potential to be used in apoptosis imaging, although tracer efflux by
multidrug-resistance proteins may limit their usability (Reshef et al., 2010).
</p>
diff --git a/content/target_aquaporins.html b/content/target_aquaporins.html
index e72a566d..b127691a 100644
--- a/content/target_aquaporins.html
+++ b/content/target_aquaporins.html
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ transport across cell membranes (water homeostasis).
In addition to water, AQPs facilitate the transport of other
small uncharged molecules, such as urea, glycerol,
NH<sub>3</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.
-AQPs are hydrophobic proteins consisting of six membrane-spanning alpha-helixes,
+AQPs are hydrophobic proteins consisting of six membrane-spanning alpha-helices,
and the water-transporting pore is functional only when four AQP monomers form a
tetramer.
</p>
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ intracellular trafficking.
<h2>Isoforms</h2>
<p>In humans, 13 AQPs have been characterized (AQP0-AQP12); altogether over 300
-AQPs have been identified in procaryotes and eucaryotes.
+AQPs have been identified in procaryotes and eukaryotes.
AQPs have different substrate specificity - AQP0, AQP1, AQP2, AQP4, AQP5, and
AQP8 work mainly as water channels, while AQP3 facilitates the transport of
glycerol and water, and AQP7 and ACP10 transport also urea; AQP9 may be
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ It facilitates the transport of urea, glycerol, and anions such as
NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>.
Transport of water seems to be facilitated only at acidic pH, and also
anionic permeability is increased in acidic pH.
-AQP6 may play a role in acid-base homeostatis.</p>
+AQP6 may play a role in acid-base homeostasis.</p>
<h3><a name="AQP7">AQP7</a></h3>
diff --git a/content/target_cannabinoids.html b/content/target_cannabinoids.html
index 65b3099e..a8c27b9f 100644
--- a/content/target_cannabinoids.html
+++ b/content/target_cannabinoids.html
@@ -123,12 +123,12 @@ such as [<sup>11</sup>C]CURB, but it also provides a naturally occurring probe
to examine the role of endocannabinoids in humans (Boileau et al., 2015).
</p>
-<p>Lysosomal enzyme NAAA (N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase) catalyzes
+<p>Lysosomal enzyme NAAA (N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase) catalyses
the same reaction as FAAH.</p>
<h3>MAGL</h3>
-<p>Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors have been radiolabeled, but
+<p>Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors have been radiolabelled, but
suitable tracers for <em>in vivo</em> PET imaging have not yet been developed.
</p>
@@ -139,10 +139,12 @@ third cannabinoid receptor, although it lacks the cannabinoid binding pocket
found in CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> receptors, and there is no consensus
on whether endocannabinoids can actually activate GPR55 (Liu et al., 2015).
Instead, L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) may be the endogenous
-(non-cannibinoid) ligand of GPR55.
+(non-cannabinoid) ligand of GPR55.
GPR55 is expressed in the central nervous system and wide range of peripheral
-tissues, including pancreas, spleen, adrenals, bone, gastrointestinal tract,
-and adipose tissue (Liu et al., 2015).
+tissues, including <a href="./organ_pancreas.html">pancreas</a>,
+<a href="./organ_spleen.html">spleen</a>, <a href="./organ_adrenal_gland.html">adrenals</a>,
+<a href="./organ_bone.html">bone</a>, gastrointestinal tract,
+and <a href="./organ_wat.html">adipose tissue</a> (Liu et al., 2015).
Some ligands aimed to bind to cannabinoid receptors may also bind to GPR55.
</p>
diff --git a/content/target_cholinergic_system.html b/content/target_cholinergic_system.html
index ea2e055c..aaffa51a 100644
--- a/content/target_cholinergic_system.html
+++ b/content/target_cholinergic_system.html
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ not a substrate), and can be used for imaging cholinergic mechanisms also in
peripheral organs (Gjerløff et al., 2014).</p>
<p>nAChRs have been targeted with [<sup>11</sup>C]nicotine,
-α4β2-nAChRs speficially with [<sup>18</sup>F]FA,
+α4β2-nAChRs specifically with [<sup>18</sup>F]FA,
[<sup>18</sup>F]AZAN, and [<sup>18</sup>F]flubatine,
and α7-nAChRs with [<sup>11</sup>C]CHIBA1001 and [<sup>18</sup>F]ASEM.
PET tracers for mAChRs include [<sup>11</sup>C]NMPB.
diff --git a/content/target_dopamine.html b/content/target_dopamine.html
index 6a54f679..763e0101 100644
--- a/content/target_dopamine.html
+++ b/content/target_dopamine.html
@@ -73,14 +73,14 @@ Dopamine β-hydroxylase is released into the blood by the adrenal medulla.
<a name="MAO">monoamine oxidases</a> (MAO-A and MAO-B) and
catechol-<em>O</em>-methyl transferase (COMT). MAO-A and -B are located at the
<a href="./mitochondria.html">mitochondrial</a> outer membranes,
-in CNS and peripherial tissues and also in platelets.
+in CNS and peripheral tissues and also in platelets.
Inhibitors of these enzymes are given with L-DOPA medication.
Dopamine can also be autoxidated in the presence of O<sub>2</sub> and
ferric iron.</p>
<p>The main end product of DA metabolism is homovanillic acid (HVA), which is
excreted to urine by kidneys. Some dopamine is found in the circulation,
-most of it as dopamine sulfate, which also is excreted to urine.
+most of it as dopamine sulphate, which also is excreted to urine.
</p>
<h2><a name="receptors">Dopamine receptors</a></h2>
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ used instead.
<p>D<sub>2</sub> receptors are coupled through G protein mechanism to
Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> (cPLA<sub>2</sub>),
-which releases arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipds.
+which releases arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipids.
AA is then rapidly taken up again by the neurons to replenish the synaptic
membranes. The incorporation rate of AA can be measured using
[1-<sup>11</sup>C]AA, and used as an index of D<sub>2</sub>R signal transduction
diff --git a/content/target_fatty-acid-binding-protein.html b/content/target_fatty-acid-binding-protein.html
index f39a4483..88c4ee9e 100644
--- a/content/target_fatty-acid-binding-protein.html
+++ b/content/target_fatty-acid-binding-protein.html
@@ -38,19 +38,19 @@ and interacts with PPARα nuclear receptors.</p>
<p>Intestine contains FABP1 and FABP2, and the distal small intestine contains
also FABP6.
FABP1 participates in transport of LCFAs into β-oxidation,
-incorporation of monoglyserides into phospholipids, and production of
+incorporation of monoglycerides into phospholipids, and production of
chylomicrons.
-FABP2 directs LCFAs into triglyseride synthesis.
+FABP2 directs LCFAs into triglyceride synthesis.
FABP6 transports bile acids.</p>
<p>Cardiac and <a href="./organ_muscle.html">skeletal muscle</a> contains FABP3,
-which transports LCFAs to β-oxidation and phospholipid and triglyseride
+which transports LCFAs to β-oxidation and phospholipid and triglyceride
synthesis, and interacts with nuclear receptors. Endothelial cells in these
tissues contain FABP4 and FABP5, of which at least FABP4 is regulated by VEGF.</p>
<p><a href="./organ_wat.html">Adipose tissue</a> has very high levels of FABP4,
and very low levels of FABP5.
-FABPs play a role in triglyseride (TG) storage, regulation of FA concentrations,
+FABPs play a role in triglyceride (TG) storage, regulation of FA concentrations,
production of inflammatory cytokines, and interact with PPAR nuclear receptors.
</p>
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ balance between certain polyunsaturated FAs.
FABP5 supplies LCFAs for production of membranes, participates in
retinoic acid utilization, and interacts with nuclear receptors.
FABP7 provides neurons with docosahexaenoic acid for membrane synthesis and
-signaling.
+signalling.
In peripheral nervous system, FABP8 (not found in the brain) participates in
production of lipids for the myelin membranes.
</p>
diff --git a/content/target_fatty-acid-transport-protein.html b/content/target_fatty-acid-transport-protein.html
index 9b111eb6..3d6b83b3 100644
--- a/content/target_fatty-acid-transport-protein.html
+++ b/content/target_fatty-acid-transport-protein.html
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ with <a href="./analysis_11c-palmitate.html">[<sup>11</sup>C]palmitate</a> PET
<h2><a name="caveolins">Caveolins</a></h2>
<p>Caveolae are specialized flask-shaped microdomains of the plasma membrane,
-which get their shape from caveolin proteins. They contain signaling and
+which get their shape from caveolin proteins. They contain signalling and
receptor proteins, and <a href="#CD36">fatty acid translocase/CD36</a>.
Caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 are found in almost all tissues except in the heart
and skeletal muscle, which contain caveolin-3. The role of caveolins in FA
diff --git a/content/target_fatty-acid.html b/content/target_fatty-acid.html
index 36a5d400..cdd1edac 100644
--- a/content/target_fatty-acid.html
+++ b/content/target_fatty-acid.html
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Phospholipids are synthesized in endoplasmic reticulum from FAs in most cells.
<h3>Mitochondrial β-oxidation</h3>
-<p>Fatty acids are transported to tissues either as triacylglyserol (TGA) in
+<p>Fatty acids are transported to tissues either as triacylglycerol (TGA) in
lipoproteins or as albumin-bound "free" fatty acids.
ACSs convert fatty acids to acyl-CoAs in the <a href="./mitochondria.html">outer
mitochondrial membrane</a>, and a transport system (CPT1, CACT, and CPT2) on
@@ -72,14 +72,14 @@ tightly regulated step.
Acyl-CoA is shortened by two carbons at a time, producing NADH and
FADH<sub>2</sub> for the electron transport chain, and acetyl-CoA, which may be
further degraded to water and CO<sub>2</sub> in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
-Muscle cells oxidize fatty acids compeletely, but hepatocytes typically uses
+Muscle cells oxidise fatty acids completely, but hepatocytes typically uses
acetyl-CoA in synthesis of other substrates, such as ketone bodies.
</p>
<h3>Peroxisomal oxidation</h3>
<p>Peroxisomes can also β-oxidate fatty acids, also those FAs that
-cannot be used by mitochondria. Peroxisomal β-oxidatation is required for
+cannot be used by mitochondria. Peroxisomal β-oxidation is required for
synthesis of docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and bile acids.</p>
<p>Shortening of FAs by one carbon (α-oxidation) is necessary for example
diff --git a/content/target_folate.html b/content/target_folate.html
index 3df0e98e..1b6e5bd2 100644
--- a/content/target_folate.html
+++ b/content/target_folate.html
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ FRα is abundant in <a href="./organ_kidney.html">kidneys</a>,
<a href="./organ_lung.html">lungs</a>, and salivary and bronchial glands.
FRβ is normally expressed in hematopoietic tissues
(<a href="./organ_bone.html#marrow">bone marrow</a>,
-<a href="./organ_spleen.html">spleen</a>, thymus), and also in some leukemia cells.
+<a href="./organ_spleen.html">spleen</a>, thymus), and also in some leukaemia cells.
FRβ is the main transporter for methotrexate (MTX), next to the RFC1.
FRγ is found in blood plasma and intracellularly in neutrophil granulocytes.
</p>
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ needed tools in clinical imaging. A non-selective SPECT tracer
select patients for FR-targeted therapies.</p>
<p>FRα is normally expressed on the luminal side of the epithelial
-cells, and therefore not accesseble by intravenously administrated PET tracers.
+cells, and therefore not accessible by intravenously administrated PET tracers.
Kidneys are an exception to this, since FRα is expressed in proximal
kidney tubules.
Folate tracer uptake in kidneys is usually high, because of the active
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ radiotracer (
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11307-013-0651-x">Fischer et al., 2013</a>;
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00143">Farkas et al.,
2016</a>).
-Generally, folate receptor trcer should not be too close in structure to folate,
+Generally, folate receptor tracer should not be too close in structure to folate,
because that could lead to normal tissue uptake via RFC1 and PCFT.
Hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker has reduced the tracer uptake into
gallbladder, liver, and lungs
diff --git a/content/target_glp1r.html b/content/target_glp1r.html
index 934e80e3..d8cf8b84 100644
--- a/content/target_glp1r.html
+++ b/content/target_glp1r.html
@@ -106,12 +106,12 @@ were calculated (Gao et al., 2012).
<h3>Kidneys</h3>
-<p>Radiolabeled peptides, including exendin-4, are excreted mainly to urine
-via the kidneys.
+<p>Radiolabelled peptides, including exendin-4, are excreted mainly to urine
+via <a href="./organ_kidney.html">the kidneys</a>.
Part of the peptides are also reabsorbed by scavenger receptors like megalin
into proximal tubular cells. High kidney uptake and concentration in urine
hampers GLP-1R imaging close to kidneys and bladder. Albumin-derived peptides
-can be used to reduce renal uptake of radiolabeled peptides.
+can be used to reduce renal uptake of radiolabelled peptides.
</p>
@@ -119,9 +119,7 @@ can be used to reduce renal uptake of radiolabeled peptides.
<h2>See also:</h2>
<ul>
- <li><a href="./analysis_18f-exendin-4.html"
- >Analysis of [<sup>18</sup>F]exendin-4 PET data</a>
- </li>
+ <li><a href="./analysis_18f-exendin-4.html">Analysis of [<sup>18</sup>F]exendin-4 PET data</a></li>
<li><a href="./target_vap1.html">VAP-1</a></li>
</ul>
diff --git a/content/target_glutamate.html b/content/target_glutamate.html
index 5f79fb10..01f01ba3 100644
--- a/content/target_glutamate.html
+++ b/content/target_glutamate.html
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ In the presence of decreased extracellular Na<sup>+</sup> these transporters
can function in reverse, releasing glutamate to the extracellular space.
<a href="./target_system-xc-.html">Cystine/glutamate antiporter
-(system x<sub>C</sub><sup>-</sup>)</a> is vital to antioxidant defense in the
+(system x<sub>C</sub><sup>-</sup>)</a> is vital to antioxidant defence in the
brain, and its expression and activity is rapidly upregulated under oxidative
stress.
Glutamate released by system x<sub>C</sub><sup>-</sup>)</a> activates
extrasynaptic, but not synaptic, NMDA iGluRs.
During brain ischemia, an excessive release of glutamate triggers neuronal
-death through the overactivation of NMDA iGluRs.
+death through the over-activation of NMDA iGluRs.
PET imaging with [<sup>18</sup>F]FSPG has shown increased
x<sub>C</sub><sup>-</sup> function in ischemic rats
diff --git a/content/target_glutamine.html b/content/target_glutamine.html
index 9c70832c..af7e165b 100644
--- a/content/target_glutamine.html
+++ b/content/target_glutamine.html
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ it acts as carrier of ammonia and as nitrogen source for synthesis of
nucleotides and amino acids, and it is important in regulation
of acid-base and redox homeostasis.
In the central nervous system, L-glutamine is taken up by presynaptic neurons,
-converted to neurotrasnmitter <a href="./target_glutamine.html">L-glutamate</a>,
+converted to neurotransmitter <a href="./target_glutamine.html">L-glutamate</a>,
and stored in vesicles.
</p>
diff --git a/content/target_inflammation.html b/content/target_inflammation.html
index ef608968..978da5c2 100644
--- a/content/target_inflammation.html
+++ b/content/target_inflammation.html
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ for example by microbial invasion (infection), trauma, or
Tightly regulated inflammatory processes are also an intrinsic part of normal
tissue remodelling and growth.
During the inflammatory response the <a href="./model_perfusion.html">blood
-flow</a> and capillary permeability are increased and leucocytes migrate from
+flow</a> and capillary permeability are increased and leukocytes migrate from
blood into the interstitial space in the affected tissue region.
Acute inflammation is initiated by resident immune cells, which release
inflammatory mediators such as histamine, heparin, and serotonin.
Activated tissue macrophages and damaged cells release cytokines which attract
-and activate the leucocytes, and induce the expression of selectins and integrin
+and activate the leukocytes, and induce the expression of selectins and integrin
ligands on endothelial cell surfaces and
<a href="./extracellular_matrix.html">extracellular matrix</a>.
In chronic inflammation the extracellular matrix is degraded by matrix
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ factors.
<p>The location of inflamed tissue can be found using PET imaging, which is
sufficient in many clinical situations, but it would be useful to distinguish
-between inflammation caused by normal would heeling and postsurgical infection,
+between inflammation caused by normal would heeling and post-surgical infection,
and between sterile and infectious loosening of joint replacements.
At present the role of PET in the discrimination between infection and
non-microbial inflammation, let alone identification of pathogens,
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ that are abundant on white blood cells.
<h2><a name="somatostatin">Somatostatin receptors</a></h2>
-<p>Activated macrophages and fibroplasts overexpress
+<p>Activated macrophages and fibroblasts overexpress
<a href="./target_somatostatin.html">somatostatin receptors</a>.
</p>
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ macromolecules, for instance
<h2>Cholinergic system</h2>
<p>Activated white blood cells upregulate the expression of components of the
-<a href="./target_cholinergic_system.html">cholinergic signaling pathway</a>.
+<a href="./target_cholinergic_system.html">cholinergic signalling pathway</a>.
Increased uptake of AChE marker [<sup>11</sup>C]donepezil and VAChT marker
[<sup>18</sup>F]FEOBV have been seen in animal models and in humans with
infections, inflammation, and cancer (Jørgensen et al., 2017).
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ general inflammatory responses such as increased perfusion and vascular leakage.
<h3>AMPs</h3>
-<p>Antimicrobial peptide (AMP), or host defense peptide, is a general term for
+<p>Antimicrobial peptide (AMP), or host defence peptide, is a general term for
over thousand molecules identified so far that could be described as natural
microbicides, since they are produced by eukaryotic cells, also in humans,
to target prokaryotic cells. AMPs are electrostatically attracted to the
@@ -305,9 +305,9 @@ animal models in PET and SPECT imaging.</p>
<h3>Siderophores</h3>
<p>Siderophore ("iron carrier") is a general term for small molecules secreted
-by most microorganisms for Fe<sup>3+</sup> acquisition and storage.
+by most micro-organisms for Fe<sup>3+</sup> acquisition and storage.
Most fungi and bacteria can utilize siderophores released by other
-microorganism, even if they themselves have lost the ability to produce
+micro-organism, even if they themselves have lost the ability to produce
siderophores.
Since the chemistry of <a href="./analysis_68ga.html">Ga<sup>3+</sup></a>
is very similar to Fe<sup>3+</sup>, <sup>68</sup>Ga-labeled siderophores
@@ -334,16 +334,16 @@ access to healthy macrophages via phagocytosis.
</p>
<p>Although the exposed phosphatidylserine is the natural signal to macrophages
-to start phagosytosis, also other anionic phospholipids can trigger the same
+to start phagocytosis, also other anionic phospholipids can trigger the same
response. Anionic surface charge is a common feature of the bacterial cell
envelope, achieved by phosphate-containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS),
-techoic acids, or phopholipids such as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and
+techoic acids, or phospholipids such as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and
cardiolipin (CL). Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus
pyogenes are examples of these bacteria.
</p>
<p>PET tracers developed to target <a href="./target_apoptosis.html#ps">PS</a>
-may be useful on detecting these pathogens, although the responce will not be
+may be useful on detecting these pathogens, although the response will not be
specific, as PS is exposed also in normal apoptosis, even during non-microbial
inflammation.
</p>
diff --git a/content/target_integrins.html b/content/target_integrins.html
index 6b1b95b7..0edaa3b1 100644
--- a/content/target_integrins.html
+++ b/content/target_integrins.html
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ tags:
<h2>Integrins</h2>
-<p>All cells (exluding red blood cells) adhere to the surrounding
+<p>All cells (excluding red blood cells) adhere to the surrounding
<a href="./extracellular_matrix.html">extracellular matrix</a> (ECM) by
membrane receptors, mainly integrins.
Integrins are heterodimeric proteins, consisting of α and β subunits,
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ combination of the α and β subunits.
Fibronectin and several other ECM proteins expose short peptide loops, such as
Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, which is a common ligand for many integrins.
The cytoplasmic tail of integrins are connected to the cells cytoskeleton.
-Binding to and separation from their cytoplasmic signaling molecules,
+Binding to and separation from their cytoplasmic signalling molecules,
cytoskeleton, and ECM ligands are associated via conformational changes.
</p>
diff --git a/content/target_p2-receptors.html b/content/target_p2-receptors.html
index 555d8a04..5e7711ae 100644
--- a/content/target_p2-receptors.html
+++ b/content/target_p2-receptors.html
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ tags:
<p>Purinergic receptors (purinoceptors) include the P1 purinoceptors
(<a href="./target_adenosine.html#ar">adenosine receptors</a>), and
-P2 purinoceptors which are preferrably activated by ATP and other substrates
+P2 purinoceptors which are preferably activated by ATP and other substrates
than adenosine.
ATP and its breakdown product adenosine are primitive signalling molecules,
that can modulate the postsynaptic response and presynaptic release of
diff --git a/content/target_protein_synthesis.html b/content/target_protein_synthesis.html
index 727d8515..d0969c11 100644
--- a/content/target_protein_synthesis.html
+++ b/content/target_protein_synthesis.html
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ protein-bound radioactivity from radioactivity bound to other molecules, and
therefore the optimal amino-acid tracer should have minimal metabolism to
non-proteins (Vaalburg et al., 1992, Paans et al., 1996).</p>
-<p>Labeling amino-acids with <sup>11</sup>C in the carboxylic position increases
+<p>Labelling amino-acids with <sup>11</sup>C in the carboxylic position increases
the specificity of net uptake to PSR, because metabolism through decarboxylation
leads to <a href="./analysis_11c-co2.html">[<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub></a>,
which in turn is rapidly cleared from the tissue (Phelps et al., 1984).
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ represent PSR (Ishiwata et al., 1988, 1993 and 1996).
<p>Transport of amino-acids into cells is not a rate-limiting step in peripheral
tissues and tumours, but in the brain the uptake may be limited by the capacity
of the carrier system or partial saturation by physiological amino-acids in
-plasma (Vaalburg et al., 1992). L-alanine, L-tyrosine, and L-methione have the
+plasma (Vaalburg et al., 1992). L-alanine, L-tyrosine, and L-methionine have the
highest brain uptake indices (Vaalburg et al., 1992).
</p>
diff --git a/content/target_serotonin.html b/content/target_serotonin.html
index 61b00895..901e5121 100644
--- a/content/target_serotonin.html
+++ b/content/target_serotonin.html
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ tags:
In gastrointestinal tract 5-HT regulates smooth muscle tone;
enterochromaffin (EC) cells contain >90% of the total serotonin in
the human body (Beattie and Smith, 2008).
-Tryptophan hydroxylase catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of
+Tryptophan hydroxylase catalyses the first and rate-limiting step of
synthesis of serotonin, converting L-tryptophan,
one of the essential amino acids in humans, into 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP).
There are two isoforms of tryptophan hydroxylase, THP1 in the peripheral tissues
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ peripheral neurons and inflammatory cells.</p>
<p>5-HT<sub>4</sub> has been studied with [<sup>11</sup>C]SB207145.
5-HT<sub>4</sub>R variants are expressed in gastrointestinal tract,
-urinary bladdder, heart, and <a href="./organ_adrenal_gland.html">adrenal glands</a>.
+urinary bladder, heart, and <a href="./organ_adrenal_gland.html">adrenal glands</a>.
In CNS they are predominantly located in the striatum.
</p>
diff --git a/content/target_somatostatin.html b/content/target_somatostatin.html
index 5c1d134e..14a6def2 100644
--- a/content/target_somatostatin.html
+++ b/content/target_somatostatin.html
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ internalization, recycling and degradation (Csaba et al, 2012).
<p>SSTR1 is expressed in the brain,
<a href="./organ_pancreas.html">pancreatic</a> β-cells, gastrointestinal
-(GI) tract, and several tumor types.
+(GI) tract, and several tumour types.
SSTR2 is found in the brain, pancreatic α-cells, pituitary gland,
GI tract, <a href="./organ_adrenal_gland.html">adrenal gland</a>, immune cells,
and several tumour types, especially in neuroendocrine tumours (NET).
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ also in peripheral tissues including pancreas and gastrointestinal tract, and
inflammatory cells.
</p>
-<p>Several somatostatin analogs have been synthetized, including lanreotide
+<p>Several somatostatin analogs have been synthesized, including lanreotide
(mainly for SSTR2), octreotide (mainly for SSTR2), pasireotide (all SSTRs except
SSTR4), seglitide (SSTR2, SSTR4, SSTR5), somatoprim (SSTR2, SSTR4, SSTR5), and
vapreotide (SSTR2 and SSTR5).</p>
diff --git a/content/target_system-xc-.html b/content/target_system-xc-.html
index 51829f54..615f9b23 100644
--- a/content/target_system-xc-.html
+++ b/content/target_system-xc-.html
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ demand.</p>
Cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate in glutathione (GSH) synthesis.
GSH is an important intracellular antioxidant, and x<sub>C</sub><sup>-</sup>
antiporter also maintains the cysteine-cystine redox cycle extracellularly.
-System x<sub>C</sub><sup>-</sup> is vital to antioxidant defense in the brain,
+System x<sub>C</sub><sup>-</sup> is vital to antioxidant defence in the brain,
and its expression and activity is rapidly upregulated under oxidative stress,
also in many chemoresistant cancer cell types
(<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22667998">Lewerenz et al., 2013</a>).
diff --git a/content/target_tau-protein.html b/content/target_tau-protein.html
index 80a1203f..8b418031 100644
--- a/content/target_tau-protein.html
+++ b/content/target_tau-protein.html
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ of the tau proteins have been developed (Villemagne et al., 2015), including
<p>[<sup>18</sup>F]THK523, [<sup>18</sup>F]THK5105, [<sup>18</sup>F]THK5117,
and [<sup>18</sup>F]THK5351 are selective to the AD tau aggregates, and do not
-bind to <a href="./target_alpha-synuclein.html">α-synuclein</a> deposites.
+bind to <a href="./target_alpha-synuclein.html">α-synuclein</a> deposits.
[<sup>18</sup>F]THK5351 have lower nonspecific uptake in the white matter,
faster kinetics than the other THK tracers.
</p>
diff --git a/content/target_transferrin.html b/content/target_transferrin.html
index bc11903d..c8efdcc7 100644
--- a/content/target_transferrin.html
+++ b/content/target_transferrin.html
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ found in the cerebrospinal fluid.</p>
<p>Human body contains about 3.5-5 g iron, but only about 3-4 mg is circulating
in plasma.
-60-70% of the body iron is bound in hemoglobin, 10% in myoglobin, and 20%
+60-70% of the body iron is bound in haemoglobin, 10% in myoglobin, and 20%
in storage forms, mainly as <a href="#ferritin">ferritin</a>.
Essentially all circulating iron in plasma is bound to transferrin.
Normally 1/3 of the capacity of circulating transferrin is used by ferric ions.
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Ferric ion is released from the binding site when the carbonate anion is
protonated.</p>
<p>Isotope studies have shown that >80% of transferrin-bound iron is delivered to
-<a href="./organ_bone.html#marrow">bone marrow</a> and incorporated into new eryhrocytes.
+<a href="./organ_bone.html#marrow">bone marrow</a> and incorporated into new erythrocytes.
Reticuloendothelial cells in <a href="./organ_liver.html">the liver</a> collect
iron mainly by phagocytosis of senescent <a href="./input_rbc.html">erythrocytes</a>,
releasing it into hepatocytes and into circulation, bound to transferrin.</p>
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ TfR1 (TFRC, CD71) is a high affinity ubiquitously expressed receptor;
TfR1s are abundant in hepatocytes, erythrocyte precursors, and other tissues,
especially rapidly dividing cells, but not in mature erythrocytes.
In the central nervous system TfRs are found in the grey matter.
-TfR1 expression on cell suface is increased when intracellular iron concentration
+TfR1 expression on cell surface is increased when intracellular iron concentration
is low.
TfR2 has lower affinity to diferric transferrin than TfR1, and it is only
expressed in hepatocytes and erythroid cells.
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ T cells, platelets, and endothelial cells.</p>
<p>Lactoferrin shows anti-microbial activity via several mechanisms:
it participates in iron withholding, it inactivates colonization factors of
-some bacteria, and it destabilizes the mebranes of some Gram-negative bacteria
+some bacteria, and it destabilizes the membranes of some Gram-negative bacteria
by interacting with their outer membrane porins.
Additionally, a peptide called lactoferricin can be detached from it, and it
interacts with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs).
diff --git a/content/target_transglutaminase2.html b/content/target_transglutaminase2.html
index b9a4f199..c257e671 100644
--- a/content/target_transglutaminase2.html
+++ b/content/target_transglutaminase2.html
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ the site of cross-linking activity is exposed; intracellular TG2 is mainly
in the closed conformation, with hidden site of cross-linking activity, but
involved in signalling processes as a G-protein.
Redox state of the TG2 surroundings affects the cross-linking activity, since
-a disulfide bond between adjacent cysteine residues leads to inactivation of
+a disulphide bond between adjacent cysteine residues leads to inactivation of
TG2. Formation of ternary complexes with integrins and fibronectin may reduce
the cross-linking activity, while other molecular stimuli can increase the
activity.
diff --git a/content/vascular_system.html b/content/vascular_system.html
index 2b77ddea..d0ac6672 100644
--- a/content/vascular_system.html
+++ b/content/vascular_system.html
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Behind the endothelium, arteries and veins have layers of smooth muscle and
connective tissue; thickness depends on the local blood pressure.
The smooth muscle is normally contracted partially (<em>muscle tone</em>), but
can be contracted more (<em>vasoconstriction</em>) or become relaxed
-(<em>vasodilation</em>). Homeostatic rexflexes lead to vasodilation in organs
+(<em>vasodilation</em>). Homeostatic reflexes lead to vasodilation in organs
that have increased need for oxygen or CO<sub>2</sub> removal, with subsequent
vasoconstriction in other organs.
</p>
@@ -64,13 +64,14 @@ to endothelial wall.</p>
<p>Endothelium is continuous in <a href="./organ_muscle.html">skeletal muscle</a>,
<a href="./organ_heart.html">heart</a>, <a href="./organ_lung.html">lungs</a>,
-and espicially tight in the <a href="./organ_brain.html">brain</a>
+and especially tight in the <a href="./organ_brain.html">brain</a>
(<a href="./blood_brain_barrier.html">blood-brain barrier</a>).
Fenestrated, well-permeable endothelium is found in for example
<a href="./organ_pancreas.html">pancreas</a> and intestine.
In the <a href="./organ_spleen.html">spleen</a>,
-<a href="./organ_liver.html">liver</a>, and bone marrow the endothelium very
-permeable due to large openings.
+<a href="./organ_liver.html">liver</a>, and
+<a href="./organ_bone.html#marrow">bone marrow</a>
+the endothelium is very permeable due to large openings.
The surface area of capillaries can be increased via <a href="./angiogenesis.html"
>angiogenesis</a>
In addition to its physical properties, endothelium regulates the transport
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ and other tissues (about 0.5 L/min).</p>
<p>Blood flow in the microcirculation is controlled by vasoconstriction and
vasodilation, based on the local oxygen concentration, mediated by
-nitric oxide (NO) signaling. The rhytmic oscillation of small artery and
+nitric oxide (NO) signalling. The rhythmic oscillation of small artery and
arteriole diameter is called <em>vasomotion</em>. Vasomotion is commonly
studied in <a href="./organ_skin.html">skin</a> because the skin vasculature
is easily accessible to several measurement techniques.
@@ -108,12 +109,12 @@ is easily accessible to several measurement techniques.
<p>Flow fluctuation (flowmotion) in muscle is affected by vasomotion for
myogenic (about 0.1 Hz), neurogenic (about 0.04 Hz), and
endothelial (about 0.01 Hz) activity;
-heart rate and respiration cause flow additional fluctions.</p>
+heart rate and respiration cause flow additional fluctuations.</p>
<h4>Systemic control</h4>
<p><a href="./target_adrenergic_system.html#sympathetic">Sympathetic neurons</a>
-release noradrenaline (norpinephrine) which binds to
+release noradrenaline (norepinephrine) which binds to
the α-adrenergic receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells.
Increased release of norepinephrine leads to increased contraction of the smooth
muscle and thus constriction of the arterioles.</p>
@@ -124,12 +125,12 @@ muscle and thus constriction of the arterioles.</p>
paracrines, including prostaglandins, which cause contraction or relaxation of
the vascular smooth muscle.
Blood <a href="./input_rbc.html">erythrocytes</a> participate in the control
-with hemoglobin working as a O<sub>2</sub> sensor.
+with haemoglobin working as a O<sub>2</sub> sensor.
Shear stress in capillaries activates NO synthase in erythrocytes
(<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2011.03.003">Ulker et al., 2011</a>).
-Part of hemoglobin in erythrocytes is localized to the plasma membrane,
-supporting rapid transfer of NO and other subtrates.
-NO-containing hemoglobin (usually <1%) shows O<sub>2</sub> kinetics similar to
+Part of haemoglobin in erythrocytes is localized to the plasma membrane,
+supporting rapid transfer of NO and other substrates.
+NO-containing haemoglobin (usually <1%) shows O<sub>2</sub> kinetics similar to
myoglobin.
</p>
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ myoglobin.
Microvascular density, or the proportion of perfused capillaries, can be
decreased, leading to increased heterogeneity of tissue perfusion.
Reduced NO production or increased NO breakdown leads to impaired regulation
-of vasodilatation.
+of vasodilation.
Dysfunction of endothelial barrier is found for example in hypertension,
cigarette smoking, inflammation, and diabetes.
Even in normal <a href="./organ_muscle.html">skeletal muscle</a> or
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ The walls of <em>varicose veins</em> are heterogeneous, with sections of
hypertrophy and atrophy, and abnormal and overexpressed <a href=
"./extracellular_matrix.html">ECM</a> components (<a href=
"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2016.12.014">Jacobs et al., 2017</a>).
-Valvular incompetense leads to reflux, venous hypertension,
+Valvular incompetence leads to reflux, venous hypertension,
increased capillary pressure, and further to accumulation of fluid within
interstitial space (<em>oedema</em>).
Lymphatic drainage fails in the advanced stages of the disease.
diff --git a/content/zirconium.html b/content/zirconium.html
index 4e6fdfb3..59a87ace 100644
--- a/content/zirconium.html
+++ b/content/zirconium.html
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ for labelling these compounds.
</p>
<p><sup>89</sup>Zr has high <a href="./branching_ratio.html">fraction of
-non-positron decays</a>, and 99% of decays result in nonprompt high-energy
+non-positron decays</a>, and 99% of decays result in non-prompt high-energy
gamma ray emission. Because of the high-energy gamma rays extensive shielding
during radiotracer transport and handling is required. On the other hand,
the non-positron decay gamma rays do not interfere with the detection of the
coincident photons, which have relatively low energy, resulting in high image
resolution (Fischer et al., 2013).
-Quantitative accuracy can be achieved even in multicentre studies
+Quantitative accuracy can be achieved even in multi-centre studies
(Makris et al., 2014).
In addition to PET, <sup>89</sup>Zr can also be used for Cerenkov luminescence
imaging.
--
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